Thursday, January 7, 2010

The noble prince of Islam


Readers Reviews
28 people found the following review helpful:
Why the name "Good King Richard" is an oxymoron, September 20, 2004
By E. R. Bird "Ramseelbird"

When you look at the British involvement in that farcical escapade known as the Crusades, it seems remarkable that ANYONE living today could side with England. I mean, let's look at it soberly. They come into a country in the Middle East, take over huge swaths of it, claim it as their own, are shocked when the residents of the area don't like being oppressed, then set about hacking their way back in only to fail in the end. Just a scant overview of their actions is enough to make them look vaguely ridiculous. Once you start learning a little more about their actions (or rather, the actions of their leaders) you see just how violent and, not to put too fine a point on it, evil they were. Therefore, it's a bit surprising that a popular kid's book about Saladin hasn't been written before now. At this moment in time, circumstances have given kids a chance to learn more about the followers of Islam and their history. It seems fitting, then, that we should look at one of their greatest heroes and grant him the respect he's due. "Saladin: Noble Prince of Islam" does just that.

Saladin was born along the Tigris River well after Jerusalem fell into the hands of the marauding Crusaders from England. As a child, he attended to his studies well and learned the tenants of Islam by heart. All this gave him the understanding he required to be a good and righteous man amongst his people. As a teen Saladin became the chief aide of the Turkish sultan Nur al-Din, a fair leader who earned the respect of his subjects. From him Saladin found his role model and guide. After Nur al-Din's death, he staked his claim on the man's empire and brought together his warring brothers. This allowed him the army he needed to set out to defeat the Franks and to reclaim Jerusalem once more. To do this he faced Reginald of Chatillon, "perhaps the greatest villain in the history of the Crusade" (which is saying quite a lot), Richard the Lionhearted, and other adversaries. The book recounts a myriad of battles undertaken by both the Crusaders and the Muslims. Both sides had their wins and losses. In the end, however, Saladin was victorious and in 1291 (years after his death), "the Franks were driven out of the Holy Land altogether". So well done there.

Though it doesn't look it, this book is an excellent reference for any kid interested in battles and battle strategy. It summarizes the greatest confrontations of both sides and makes them understandable and interesting. There is also no question at any time as to who the heroes are. The Franks (to the Muslims all Crusaders were regarded as "Franks") break treaties, lie, kill for pleasure, and remain the greediest of no-goodniks. Saladin would often spare his captured enemies or give them a chance to pay a price to avoid being sold as slaves. King Richard, on the other hand, was prone to slaughtering three thousand Muslim men when he captured them. A cruel barbarian, he met a violent death, as was his due. Saladin died in his bed, having ended his life to his own liking. Touche.

I suspect that there are people out there who can't imagine a man like Saladin being far more generous and compassionate than a man like Richard. To back up her information, therefore, author Diane Stanley has included an excellent Bibliography for further reading. Terms that might not be readily recognizable to readers are included in a Glossary in the back. Accompanying the text itself are beautiful glossy illustrations that perfectly compliment the book's plot and storyline. All this and the book is respectful to the people of the Islam faith.

Biographies of historical figures well known in their native lands but little known in American schools are difficult to create. With that in mind, Stanley has done a remarkable job. She even ties in the events of the book to the modern day, commenting that, "Two hundred years of Frankish invasion, senseless slaughter, and religious fanaticism left a tragic legacy. A shadow of hatred and mistrust had fallen over this great land, holy to three faiths. A thousand years later, it is still there". And not likely to leave soon. Let us hope then that beautifully written biographies like "Saladin" dispel the myths that remain about the man, his life, and his religion. This book should be in every school library in America.


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Beautiful book, but anti-Christian, November 3, 2005
By Melissa

This book caught my eye at the library because it has beautiful illustrations, and the title obviously gives away its very positive view of Saladin and the Muslim faith. Given the publication date, it is not surprising that the book presents Muslims and their faith in a positive light; however, the book goes to the extreme in presenting Muslims as good and Christians as evil. Children in this age group are likely to be confused by this portrayal of their faith if they are Christians, while those of a Muslim background could very well see the current atrocities committed by Islamic jihadists as justified. Moreover, children at this age don't have the analytical skills to realize that there is more to the history of the Crusades than is presented here. In my opinion, this book may well be an excellent biography of Saladin, but given the age of the intended audience, the slant of the book gives an inappropriate message.

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The Crusade which Preceded the 'War on Terror', October 9, 2006
By Cheri Montagu "Writer" (San Francisco Bay Area, CA) - See all my reviews


Many people have seen the excellent PBS documentary, "Holy Warriors", about Saladin and Richard the Lionheart in the Third Crusade. For me it opened up a whole new field of inquiry, for although I am myself an historian, my field is not the Middle Ages. I sought out and read many books on Saladin, and found him a fascinating and admirable character, and an excellent antidote to the hatred of Islam which is presently being fomented by our government. It seemed to me that it was important to get the word out-- especially to the next generation-- about this Muslim whose character was so contrary to prevalent stereotypes. Diane Stanley's book fulfills this need. It presents the true history of Saladin and the Third Crusade in a manner which is readily understandable to children and accompanied by beautiful illustrations. It seems unlikely that any child who has read this book will grow up feeling the hatred that our government wants us to feel for all Muslims, and in that lies its greatest virtue.

Thank You.

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The Book of Saladin(Tariq Ali)



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The Book of Saladin: A Novel (Paperback)~ Tariq Ali
Tariq Ali (Author)
22 new from $8.84 26 used from $4.74 2 collectible from $16.95

Readers' Reviews

23 of 23 people found the following review helpful:
A Superb Piece of Work, September 4, 2005
By 3rdeadly3rd

Tariq Ali's "The Book of Saladin" is the second in his "quintet" about Islam. Don't let that put you off, though, as there is no set order to read the series in - no characters carry over from one book to the next and the continuity throughout is in fact the relationship between Islam and other religions during times of upheaval.

As the name suggests, "The Book of Saladin" is about that famous adversary of the Crusaders, the Kurdish Yusuf Salah-ad-din Ibn Ayyub who founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt. The basis of this novel is that Saladin has hired a Jewish writer to record his life and times as he leads the battle to re-take Jerusalem from the "Franj" (Crusaders, one of the many Arabic words used in the book and explained in the glossary).
The reader is therefore treated to a series of stories-within-stories, and knowing Ali's sense of humour (he is an electric public speaker) the parallel to the "Arabian Nights" is probably more than a fortuitous coincidence. Our narrator leads his own life over the years of his acquaintance with Saladin, along with its attendant highs and lows while recording Saladin's memories and hearing stories from his loyal retainers and members of his harem. All of these strands combine and separate in various ways to create a narrative experience quite hard to describe in words.
While the novel ends on a somewhat pessimistic note, this is probably only to be expected, as this was hardly a glorious time for either side involved in the conflict.

While certain characters - particularly Maimonides, who makes a cameo appearance - suffer from being relatively two-dimensional, the central characters are all eminently believable. In the case of Saladin, this is quite a feat as the volume of ink devoted to him over the centuries is quite spectacular and separating the man from the myth is a difficult task. The reader will almost certainly find themselves cheering when the Sultan wins a victory, whether on the battlefield or in the court chambers.

Ali's eye for detail is also deployed to great effect here. Ayyubid Cairo is evoked lovingly, as are the other locations which play important roles in the plot. Similarly, while the court intrigues of the time are confusing at best, Ali makes a noble attempt at simplifying things for the casual reader without an interest in the politics of the time. The frequent use of Arabic terms for events and places can be disconcerting to the reader with no background in the history of the region, however the glossary will help to overcome that - and the terms become easy to understand soon enough.
His sense of humour, too, plays an important part in this novel. Ali has a particular fondness for what can sometimes be described as "dirty jokes", as his description of Richard I of England clearly demonstrates. His dialogue between a heretical (Cathar, I believe) crusader and Saladin is hilarious, even to the extent of offensive comments being made in perfect Latin.

In short, this is a book which can be heartily recommended. For newcomers to Ali's writings, this is as good a place to start as any - possibly better than some other offerings, at that. This is also a great demonstration of "how the other half lives", in that the humanity of the "saracens" during the crusades is often overlooked. Knowledge of that humanity is, in my opinion, something we need now more than ever. Permalink Was this review helpful to you? (Report this)
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A powerful work of historical fiction., March 2, 1999
By A Customer

This review is from: The Book of Saladin (Hardcover)
This is a satisfying novel, told, despite its exotic settings, in sparse prose carrying a ring of authenticity reminiscent at times of Naguib Mahfouz. The book deals in complex and subtle people who question the nature of the relationship between body and soul and ponder the purposes of war, not in easy steretypes or generalisations, even in an area which has been traditionally replete with them. It is illuminationg to have the Saladin story told by a writer who has immersed himself in the 'other side'. Tariq Ali's novel creates an authentic-seeming court, full of intrigue, dominated by a man who is charismatic yet not a hero of romance, a rather hesitant, limping figure, a Sultan whose preferred diet is soup and beans. In Saladin's entourage are strong and intelligent women, the Sultana Jamila and her female lover, and their story is interwoven with that of the Sultan's public life. It may be controversial to assign such dominance to the women in a harem, but these are characters in a convincing story with a reality beyond that of historical cliche.
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17 of 21 people found the following review helpful:
ALLAH O AKKBAR !, January 5, 2000
By A Customer

Two thumbs up, Tariq Ali ! This is a story , wonderfully told,of Salah al Din's maturation, comming to power , becoming acharismatic leader and finally , conquering Al Kadisiya (Jerusalem) from the hands of Crusades in 1187. Among other colourful characters is the Sultana Jamila, extremely educated, intelligent and enlightened, unlike all the rest of the women in the harem. Respected and admired for her virtues, Jamila questions the surpressed position of women in the world of Islam. The story is told by an outsider - a Jew in the service of the Sultan. A typical sympathetic scribe, he observes and listens attentively , and talks little. In the heart of the novel is the sad tragedy of muslims being so quarelsome among themselves, and being unable to unite against the enemy when the need arises....Salah Al Din is up to this day an awe-inspiring and much admired for his military and princely virtues character in the Muslim world...HIGHLY HIGHLY RECOMMEND THIS NOVEL TO ALL ,ESPECIALLY THOSE INTERESTED IN THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
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By Fulano Mingano "F. M." (Nablus, TX) - See all my reviews

I enjoyed this novel greatly, even though the narrative lags at times, characters come in and out of focus, and the tone of description is all too often derivative of unreflective orientalism. So why did I enjoy it? Imagine this: a story about a Muslim-Jewish alliance to defend Jerusalem from European aggression -- an allegory of Palestine that recapitulates the essential imperialist dynamic of the Crusader history but from the point of view of those who have had to suffer under it. The value of this novel lies in the way it inverts the false dichotomies of our times -- like the one that separates Arab Muslim from Arab Jew -- in order to envision how Palestine would appear if its indigenous inhabitants had had a say in its rule. It's a sad comment on our times that Ali had to go back so far in history to find such a time -- but nevertheless, his farsightedness allows us to see beyond the horizon of the present, tragic moment of Palestinian history. Yes, the representation of Saladin is romantic -- but in light of the current capitulation of Jerusalem to the 20th century's version of crusader aggression, one ought to be excused for occasionally dreaming of Salah al-Din.
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Just Awesome!, December 5, 2007
By R. G. Somebody "Feegle" (Louisville, KY USA) - See all my reviews

This book has changed a few of my thought processes. I am not a fan of historical fiction by any means, in fact I bought this book on a whim as I had an interest in the Muslim world hit me without warning, and I don't regret it in the least. Not because it is historical fiction, but because it has help to expand my mind. I've always been interested in the Crusades since I was a very young child, but I've never stopped to think about the Islamic side of the story. I've always concentrated on the Western histories and legends of this time. This book allowed me to see how Western people could be viewed as barbaric, and how the Islamic culture was really very more advanced in many ways to the stream of warriors coming out of Europe.

In this book we follow the tale of a fictional Jewish scribe as he journeys with Salah al-Din from Cairo through to the retaking of Jerusalem and finally to his death. Along the way we are exposed to many characters and customs of that noble society. I admit, I don't know how much of it was fact and how much was the author's prerogative, but it has definitely made me want to read more of Tariq Ali's works, and to study the Islamic culture a little closer. By all means read this book if you've only studied one side of the Crusader Coin.
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Wonderfully Readable Portrait, December 28, 2009
By Douglas S. Wood "Vicarious Life" (Monona, WI) - See all my reviews

Amazon Verified Purchase(What's this?)
Using a fictional narrator in the form of the great Sultan's scribe, Tariq Ali pieces together a brilliant mosaic of the life of the Saladin (Salah al-Din or if you prefer, Yusuf al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub). The Jewish scribe, Ibn Yakub, is meant to faithfully record everything the Sultan says and does. Given that Salah al-Din is about to embark on the 12th century jihad to expel the 'Franj' (their term for the Franks or Crusaders) from al-Kuds (Jerusalem), the scribe finds himself witness to many great events; war councils, battles, celebrations, and sorrows.

Salah al-Din also spins out his life's story from a wild Kurdish boyhood in Tikrit, through his uncle's rise to power under Nur-ad-Din, and the Sultan's own gradual consolidation of power. The tale is given added spice by his (fictional) great friend and counselor Shadhi, who adds some bawdy details that the Sultan omits. The book explores life in and around the Sultan's court and includes several historical characters such as the Sultan's brothers and nephews, and the scholar-poet and official secretary Imad Al Din. Of necessity Ali invents the female characters, in particular, Halima and Jalima, two members of the harem, but their portrayal rings true.

Ali's book is not a history of the battles - descriptions of fighting are generally sparse. Instead, Ali concentrates on the preoccupations of the Sultan and his inner circle - their thinking, feeling, and talking about jihad, food, sex, religion. The Sultan eventually bemoans the fickle devotion to the jihad of the Islamic peoples and their leaders.

A wonderfully readable book of an important figure and time in history. That the story is told from the Muslim view only makes it all the more valuable to Western readers.
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7 of 11 people found the following review helpful:
A view with a room, February 11, 2001
By Martyn Richard Jones "Martyn Richard Jones" (Cordoba, Spain) - See all my reviews

This review is from: The Book of Saladin (Hardcover)
Remember, despite the rumours, Saladino actually dies peacefully in bed, and not defeated in battle as some heathen imperialist nostalgics would have one believe.
Tariq Ali, does it again, this book is a treat, that doesn't rot your teeth or your brain.

Set against a backdrop of testerone prompted, religion focused and aggression based wars against the people of Islam, this book tells the tale that is generally ignored by the contently ignorant and assumed to be valid by the most scepticle observer.

Tariq Ali, writes a good novel, that is both readable and thought provoking. My advice is read this, then you will want to read more of his books.

regards,

martyn_jones@iniciativas.

Excellent History of Saladin




The rare and Excellent History of Saladin (Crusade Texts in Translation)
by D. S. Richards
Edition: Paperback
Price: $25.76

Availability: In Stock
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2 of 2 people found the following review helpful:
Excellent primary source., July 18, 2008
'The forces of Islam surrounded the forces of unbelief and impiety on all sides, loosed volleys of arrows at them and engaged them hand to hand.'

'I fear to make peace, not knowing what may become of me. Our enemy will grow strong, now that they have retained these lands.'

After the 14th revision I shall just say I enjoyed reading this book. It is a good read as well as being a must have for anyone with even a remote interest in the crusades, the military orders (mentioned in passing a few times), the history of the area, the history of religion and so on. I must also mention pleasure of seeing the view from the other side which this enabled me to do. It was interesting to see (among others) Richard the Lionheart's name always followed by a phrase similar to 'may God forsake him'.

The Third Crusades (David Nicol)



The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the battle for Jerusalem (Campaign) (Paperback)
~ David Nicolle (Author), Christa Hook (Illustrator)
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Readers Reviews:

1/. 3 of 3 people found the following review helpful:
Good Overview, February 20, 2007
By medievalcrusadesbabe "ebabsedasurclaveidem"

These small Osprey books on various historical events pack in a lot of information and present it in a very easy to understand language that the casual reader may find a good source for research.

David Nicolle is a good historical writer, speaking in plain English and keeping the reader interested. The material in this particular offering is well balanced. There are books that have focused on one side of the story, or the other. Nicolle very successfully attempts to keep both sides focused, discussing the pros and cons of each leader, giving each side to the story and a very well rounded look at the events.

However the book, because of its size, does not go into some of the finer details or "in depth" examination of events and situations that some might be looking for. To be honest, these books are not intended for that purpose. There are volumes out there that you can spend years going through. This book is meant as an overview of the topic and should be taken as such.

The battles do not go into as much detail as some of the other books put out by Osprey. The usual focus of these books is to look at a particular historical event or aspect and go into details. But in choosing a large historical event like The Third Crusade in such a small presentation, there will be a lot left out. The book focuses on a singular year, 1191, in which the whole Crusade came to a crashing close. While the lead up to this year is examined, the focus is more on the battles fought that year and how it brought about the end of that era. And even this is a lot to cover in such a small format.

Not to be left out are the graphics, photographs, maps and the artistic renderings of Christa Hook. These elements are included to keep the interest of the reader. There is a lot of photographs to go over, giving the reader an overview of the art, architecture landscape and battle fields of the time. Christa Hooks paintings give the book a feeling of action, and adds interest to the story.

The maps are valuable and in this book they have included what they label as "3D views" of the particular battlefields. While interesting, I didn't find it added anything to the overview of the battles. However, they are nice topographical additions to the book.

Going over this book, I would have to say this will appeal to the school aged reader who is looking to write a book report for school, or augment their studies of the Historical Crusades. It will even appeal to the casual reader who is curious, but not a serious student of the Crusades.

This is a good look at the cultures of the time, both the Crusaders as well as the forces of Saladin. Some of the key battles are examined. And it favors neither side. We are presented with a fair view of the events. A good overview and presentation of the material. medievalcrusadesbabe Permalink Was this review helpful
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2/ 8 of 9 people found the following review helpful:
Offers Cultural Perspectives, but less on military side, December 21, 2005
By R. A Forczyk

Dr. David Nicolle continues his survey of Medieval battles in Osprey Campaign #161, The Third Crusade 1191. Certainly the clash between two charismatic opponents - Saladin and Richard the Lionheart - make for an interesting subject and Nicolle handles it with admirable balance. However, Dr. Nicolle's primary interests lie in the cultural realm - particularly Islamic art and architecture - and readers seeking more detail on the military aspects of the campaign will find these matters covered in a more perfunctory manner. Furthermore, the graphic quality of this volume - the maps and the battle scenes - is somewhat less than in other Osprey volumes.

This volume includes five 2-D maps (the forces assemble, 1188-91; events in Cyprus, Syria and Palestine, 1188-91; the siege of Acre, 1191; the coastal march; and after Arsuf, 1191-92) and three 3-D BEV maps (initial movements on 7 September 1191; Richard's counterattack and later phases of the Battle of Arsuf). Unfortunately, the 2-D maps are far too complicated, with up to 36-37 events in several maps, and the 3-D maps are "zoomed out" too far to see any close-up detail of the Battle of Arsuf. A close up 2-D map showing the relative dispositions of each army would be more useful to the reader than maps that just show a bunch of blocks and arrows. Also, no individual units or formations are identified in the 3-D maps, unlike most Osprey volumes. The three battle scenes are: Richard's men tearing down the Duke Leopold's banner at Acre, the death of Ayaz al-Tawil and King Richard ordering the Crusader cavalry to halt at Arsuf. Frankly, these battle scenes are rather disappointing, being rather "primitive" and lacking in detail compared to the artwork that normally appears in this series.

Dr. Nicolle's introductory sections on opposing commanders, armies and plans are quite good, although readers unfamiliar with this era would be wise to read the earlier volume on the preceding Hattin campaign first. The only weakness in this material is the lack of any kind of order of battle or even the identification of any specific formations beyond generic nomenclature such as "the Damascus contingent." Surely some Crusader banners under Richard must have been identified? Although the main focus of the volume is on the struggle between Saladin and Richard Lionheart, Dr. Nicolle also makes interesting observations about Sunni-Shia power-sharing arrangements in the 12th Century and politics in the rump Crusader states. The author also provides brief background on the death of Barbarossa before moving on to the siege of Acre and the Battle of Arsuf.

Although Dr. Nicolle's narrative about the Battle of Arsuf is quite coherent, it is difficult to follow actions on the 3-D maps. Nor does the author pay enough attention to Crusader logistics - which other sources note as having a major impact on the campaign. Furthermore, the author does not mention relative strengths and losses at Arsuf, although other sources do include estimates. Arsuf took some of the luster off Saladin's reputation but the Crusaders were not strong enough to regain Jerusalem - although Nicolle suggests that it might have been in their reach. The volume ends with an excellent bibliography and notes on the battlefield today. It is obvious that Dr. Nicolle is well-versed in the cultural aspects of his subject, if not the specific military details.

Wednesday, January 6, 2010

Saladin - Biography

Saladin is the First Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, famous for having conquered Jerusalem from the Crusaders. He was of Kurdish heritage, and all through his career he relied mainly Kurdish officials as his closest partners.

Saladin succeded to revitalize the economy of Egypt. He reorganized the military forces and following the advice of his father, he stayed away from any conflicts with Nureddin, his formal lord. He waited until Nureddin's death, before he started serious military actions first against smaller Muslim states, and then against the Crusaders.

Saladin is one of very few personals of the time of the Crusades to be positively described in both Western and Eastern sources, holding a high position among his Western opponents, he has become a figure that fascinated Western writers.

Biography

1138: Born in Tikrit in Iraq as son of the Kurdish chief Ayyub.

1152: Starts to work in the service of the Syrian ruler, Nureddin.

1164: He starts to show his military and strategical qualities under 3 campaigns against the Crusaders who were established in Palestine, with the first campaign this year.

1169: Saladin serves as second to the commander in chief of the Syrian army, his uncle Shirkuh. Shirkuh became vizier of Egypt, but died after only 2 months. Saladin then took over as vizier. Despite the nominal limitations to the vizier position, Saladin took little regard to the interests of his superiors, the Fatimid rulers. He turned Cairo into an Ayyubid power base, where he used Kurds in leading positions.

1171: Saladin suppresses the Fatimid rulers of Egypt in 1171, whereupon he unites Egypt with the Abbasid Caliphate. But was not as eager as Nureddin to go to war against the Crusaders, and relations between him and Nureddin became very difficult.

1174: Nureddin dies, and Saladin uses the opportunity to extend his power base.
— Conquers Damascus.

1175: The Syrian Assassin leader Rashideddin's men made two attempts on the life of Saladin, the leader of the Ayyubids. The second time, the Assassin came so close that wounds were inflicted upon Saladin.

1176: Saladin besieges the fortress of Masyaf, the stronghold of Rashideddin. After some weeks, Saladin suddenly withdraws, and leaves the Assassins in peace for the rest of his life. It is believed that he was exposed to a threat of having his entire family murdered.

1183: Conquers the important north-Syrian city of Aleppo.

1186: Conquers Mosul in northern Iraq.

1187: With his new strength he attacks the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, and after 3 months of fighting he gets control over the city.

1189: A third Crusade manages to enlarge the coastal area of Palestine, while Jerusalem remains under Saladin's control.

1192: With The Peace of Ramla armistice agreement with King Richard 1 of England, the whole coast was defined as Christian land, while the city of Jerusalem remained under Muslim control.

1193 March 4: Dies in Damascus after a short illness

extracted from http.//lexicorient dot com/e.o/saladin dot htm



BOOKS ON SALADIN

Tuesday, January 5, 2010

The Life of Saladin(H.Gibb)


The Life of Saladin (Saqi Essentials)

The Life of Saladin (Saqi Essentials) (Paperback)
by: Sir Hamilton Gibb (Author), Robert Irwin (Foreword)
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Customers Review:
Good Read, By Zenel Garcia (Miami, FL USA) - See all my reviews

The book is relatively short but its concise and to the point. It gives a pretty decent background to Saladin's life and if read in conjunction with Baha-al Din's Biography if Saladin its even better. I used both books for a research paper and they helped quite a lot. Help other customers find the most helpful reviews

Books on Saladin

One thing for sure, the world is never short of any resources to remember the greatness of Saladin. A man respected both by friends and enemies, a man who put forward his believe and commitments above his personal comfort.

Please select one of the excellent novels. Do not miss this oportunity, as our stocks are continuously be renewed and replaced.





The Life of Saladin (Saqi Essentials)

Monday, January 4, 2010

Death of Noureddin

Exposed to an eastern climate, and yielding to oriental effeminacy, the Christians of the East had rapidly degenerated. Within the Holy City, they had abandoned themselves to vicious indulgence.
This was not all. The warriors of the cross set at defiance the doctrines of chivalry as well as Christianity, and held themselves free from keeping faith with infidels. Forgetting that the best evidence to give of the superiority of a religion consists in the respect shone by its professors for virtue and truth, they not only indulged in gross vice, but broke faith without scruple.
The Christians would have fallen an easy prey to their foes, if, strangely enough, the Saracens had not been in almost as wretched a state as their adversaries. For centuries the Caliph of Cairo and the Caliph of Bagdad, one representing the Fatimites, the other the Abassides, were implacable enemies. Each claimed to be the vicar of Mahomet, and denounced his rival as the enemy of God. In the mosques of Cairo, the name of the Caliph of Bagdad was daily cursed; and in the mosques of Bagdad that of the Caliph of Cairo was exposed to a similar indignity. It is true, that both Caliphs remained for ever shut up from the public, and possessed no real power; but, as the chiefs of Islamism, their names were still of high account, and used without scruple by ambitious emirs to promote their own interests and advance their own fortunes.
It happened that in 1165, while Elhadack, Caliph of Cairo, was passing his life in a eerafeo, pursuing sinful pleasures and indulging in voluptuous legarthy, two Saracen chiefs, Dargan and Sanor, contended for the viceroyalty of his empire. When this strife was at its height, Sanor entreated aid from Noureddin, who having, in other days, wrested Edessa from the ill-fated Joceline de Courtenay, had since advanced himself to the dignity of Sultan of Damascus; and Noureddin, with a keen eye to his own interest, despatched to Sanor's aid a powerful army, under the command of Syracon, a captain of experience and valor.
Undismayed by the arrival of so renowned a warrior, Dargan mustered an army, and boldly marched to meet the troops of Noureddin. The result was more fortunate for him than might have been expected. In a battle fought, he came off the victor, and seemed to have fortune on his side. But soon after his victory, Dargan was slain by treachery, and Sanor, profiting by his rival's death, immediately became sultan.
So far all went smoothly. But Sanor now became alarmed at the attitude assumed by the army whose aid he had invoked. In fact, Syracon, instead of returning to Damascus, seized Belbeis, on the Nile, fortified that city, and awaited the arrival of troops to undertake the conquest of Egypt.
Sanor was naturally indignant at the perfidy of his auxiliary. Finding himself outwitted, he looked around for new a]lies, and betjiought him of those Christian warriors whose feats of valor had astonished the East, and whose mighty arms and barbed steeds, charging in close ranks, had ever borne down opposition. Accordingly, he hastened to send imploring messages to the King of Jerusalem; and Almeric, appearing with an army in Egypt, after a tough struggle, rendered Sanor victorious over his enemies.
But Syracon was not the man to yield easily to adversity. He knew that the Caliph of Bagdad contended with the Caliph of Cairo for the heirship of the Prophet and the sovereignty over all Moslems, and resolved to turn their rivalry to account. No sooner, therefore, was he defeated, than he repaired to Damascus, and induced Noureddin to assure the Caliph of Bagdad that, if properly supported, he would make all Egypt subject to the authority of the Abassides. The Caliph gladly gave his sanction to the project; and Syracon, at the head of a mighty host of warriors, descended upon Egypt.
On hearing of the projected invasion, Sanor was astounded. Recovering from his surprise, however, he sent to the King of Jerusalem, imploring him to front the new peril, and offering a pension of forty thousand ducats. Almeric was not unwilling to undertake the task on such terms. Not liking, however, to depend on the promises of one who was merely viceroy, he insisted on treating with the Caliph; and Sanor, finding that the Christian King's resolution on this point was not to be shaken, consented that ambassadors should be sent to confer with the vicar of Mahomet.
For this important mission, Hugh, Earl of Ceserea, and a knight of the Temple, were selected; and, accompanied by Sanor, they repaired to Cairo. On reaching that city, they dismounted from their steeds, and were conducted to the palace within whose pre--cincts no Christian had ever before set foot, guided through dark passages guarded by Ethiopians, and thence into courts so richly and beautifully ornamented, that they could not refrain from expressing admiration. " The farther we went," said they, " the greater was the splendor and state."
At length, the ambassadors reached the chamber where, behind a traverse wrought with pearls, the Caliph was seated in all his dignity. On entering this sanctuary, Sanor gave intimation of his presence, and thrice prostrated himself on the ground. The curtain was then drawn, and the Caliph discovered sitting, with serene majesty, on a throne of gold, surrounded by the officers of his court, who appeared both grieved and surprised to see Christians standing in that place and presence.
The Earl and the Templar regarded the spectacle presented to them with mingled astonishment and awe; but Sanor was quite at home, and humbly kissed the Caliph's foot. Eneelmg before the golden throne, he explained why the ambassadors were there, expatiated on the danger to which the empire was exposed, explained the treaty into which he had entered with King Almeric, and begged the Caliph to ratify the conditions by giving his hand. The Caliph, however, hesitated about descending so much from his dignity, and, after expressing some objections, offered his glove. But the ambassadors shook their heads; and Hugh of Cgserea spoke. " Sir," said the Earl, " truth makes no holes to hide itself. Princes, if they would covenant must deal fairly and openly./Give me, therefore, your hand: for I will make no bargain with your glove.'*) Yielding to necessity, the Caliph consented to the humiliation of allowing the ambassadors to touch his hand; and they were soon after dismissed with rich gifts.
By this time the King of Jerusalem had approached Cairo with his army; and, matters having been satisfactorily arranged, he worsted Syracon in a battle fought in the isle of Maalle. The victory, however, did not prove quite decisive, and the struggle was maintained with varying success for many months. Ultimately, Syracon, having obtained an honorable capitulation, led his army from Egypt. Almeric also took his departure, and conducted his warriors, laden with gold, back to Jerusalem.
Almeric had so far succeeded in the pursuit of glory and gold. Unfortunately for his welfare, the Christian King was not content with the laurels and the ducats he had. Having seen Egypt sufficiently to be aware of the wealth of the country, and the weakness of its government, he panted for possession, and sent ambassadors to Emanuel, Emperor of Constantinople, whose daughter he had espoused, entreating assistance in a great scheme of conquest. Emanuel approved of Almeric's views, and promised to aid him with a powerful fleet.
Encouraged in his project, Almeric, in 1168, determined to defy his treaty with the Caliph, and undertake the invasion of Egypt. The idea was not received with universal favor. Many of the wisest Christian warriors opposed the enterprise, and the Grand Master of the Temple loudly protested against a breach of faith. But Almeric, who was strongly supported by the Knights of St. John, held steadily to his purpose; and, placing himself at the head of his army, reached the banks of the Nile, besieged and took Belbcis, and after pillaging the city, consigned it to the flames.
But while the King of Jerusalem had been preparing for the conquest of Egypt, the same project had occupied the thoughts of the Sultan of Damascus. Syracon, in fact, had impressed his master with the conviction that the Fatimites were on the verge of ruin, and the Egyptians ripe for new governors. Noureddin listened with gratification to the suggestions of his general, who was already occupied with schemes for possessing himself of Egypt, when the Caliph, alarmed at Almeric's invasion, implored assistance to repel the enemies of the Prophet. The Sultan of Damascus received the Caliph's message with joy; and at his bidding, Syracon, at the head of a numerous army, crossed the desert, and appeared on the banks of the Nile.
Almeric was wholly unprepared for the presence of such a foe. In Sanor, the king of Jerusalem had met his match at the game of deceit. By sending to implore pity, and offering two millions of golden crowns, Sanor had thrown the invader off his guard. While waiting for the promised treasure, and vainly expecting the Greek fleet, Almeric gave the Egyptians an opportunity of fortifying their cities and preparing to hid him defiance; and he only awoke to the consciousness of having been deluded, when he learned that Syracon was approaching at the head of a formidable force.
On comprehending his position, Almeric roused himself to action, and eager to repair his error, hastened to ofler Syracon battle. But the Moslem warrior having no inclination to gratify the wish of the Christian King, declined the honor of an engagement till he had formed a junction with the Egyptians. Almeric, unprepared to cope with the united armies, was fain to retreat; and, having been pursued to the verge of the desert, he returned to Jerusalem.
Nevertheless, Almeric could not divest himself of an ambition to figure as conqueror of Egypt. The aspiration having become part of himself, he repaired to Constantinople to beg the Emperor's assistance in realizing the grand project. Emanuel welcomed his son-in-law with imperial magnificence, and was lavish of promises. But nothing was ever done in the way of performance; and Almeric returned to the Holy City to mourn his blighted hopes, t The project was still haunting Almeric's brain, when he died, leaving his subjects in distress to defend a menaced kingdom, and a son in boyhood to inherit a tottering \Ytcoi&. > Meanwhile Syracon had entered Cairo in triumph, hoisted Noureddin's banner on the towers and ramparts, and been welcomed by the Caliph as a deliverer. Noureddin finding himself master of Egypt, Syria, and the richest provinces of the East, was preparing to crown his successes with the annihilation of the Christians, and the capture of the Holy City. The Sultan of Damascus caused prayers to be offered for the success of the expedition, and even constructed, with his own hands, a pulpit to be placed in one of the chief mosques of Jerusalem. Death, however, surprised Noureddin in the midst of his preparations, and for a brief period averted the perils that threatened the Christian states.

...(Extracted from -The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, D. S. Richards)

The Young Saladin

WHEN Noureddin expired, the vast empire of which lie had been master, was in no small danger of dismemberment. The only son of the departed Sultan was a child incapable of defending his hereditary dominions; the emirs, each eager to turn the crisis to his own advantage, began to quarrel about a division of power; and a relapse to chaos appeared inevitable. Terrified at the prospect of discord, disorder, and civil war, the Moslem nations recognized with joy the claims of a warrior, who possessed courage and intellect to deal with the circumstances, and to pursue those projects on which the heart of Noureddin had been set.

Saladin was descended from the races inhabiting the mountains beyond the Tigris, and was the son of that Ayoub, who defended Damascus against the Christian army led by the Emperor of Germany and the Kings of France and Jerusalem. But though brought up under the eye of his father, and taught from his cradle to appreciate achievements of valor and genius, Saladin, in youth, devoted so little attention to war or politics, and gave so much time to pleasure and dissipation, that no one regarded him as capable of attaining to greatness. It would indeed have been difficult to imagine the son of Ayoub destined to inflict a mortal blow on the Christian kingdom in the East, and to maintain the Moslem power against the bravest emperors and kings of Christendom.

The first warlike expedition in which Saladin figured, was one of those undertaken by Syracon to the banks of the Nile. The young warrior did not return to Damascus without having proved his courage; but the hardships of a camp life were understood to be little to his liking. When ordered by Noureddin to go back to Egypt, he did not obey without hesitation and murmurs. "I go," said he, yielding to necessity; " but with the despair of a man led to execution."

Fortune, however, seemed resolved on making Saladin great in spite of himself. The death of Syracon rendered the post of vizier vacant; and the Caliph, imagining Saladin, incapable of usurpation, nominated him to the post. No sooner did this happen than a marvellous change, came over his life. Hitherto he had been a young warrior given to indolence and dissipation. Now he appeared in a new character. Neglecting no means of increasing his influence, he won the esteem of the imans by his austerity, and the favor of the soldiers by his munificence. Ere long, he ventured upon an important step. By killing the Caliph of Cairo with his horse-mace he extinguished the Fatimites and made the Caliph of Bagdad head of all Moslems. For this service, Saladin was congratulated by the chief of the Abassides and presented with a vest of honor.

Saladin now had his name mentioned in the public prayers; and daily extended his power in the East. His position, however, was not quite secure. Indeed, Noureddin became jealous of the young Viceroy; and Saladin would probably have fallen a victim. But at that crisis Noureddin died; and Saladin, setting aside the Sultan's heir, ascended the throne of Egypt and prepared for war with the kingdom of Jerusalem.

The kingdom thus menaced by the armies of Saladin, was in no condition to resist. Decay was visible on every side; discord reigned on all hands; discipline was almost at an end; law was openly set at defiance; and authority could not make itself felt. Every count or baron, secure in his strong castle on the summit of a mountain or in the cavern of a rock, held the royal power in contempt. The merchants of Venice and Genoa, who frequented the maritime cities, were at daggers-drawn. The knights of the Temple and the Hospital were at deadly feud; and both orders were at variance with the ecclesiastics, whom they frequently chased into the church of the Holy Sepulchre. Religion had lost influence over the lives of men; and the clergy neither strove to restore concord nor to set an example of virtue.

But it was in the capital of the Christian kingdom that matters had reached the worst stage. In the Holy City decorum was utterly disregarded; and the lives of some of the clergy were more scandalous than those of their neighbors. Chiefs and churchmen were equally abandoned; and dames and damsels of all ranks kept them in countenance. "Sin," says Fuller, reigned in every corner, and there was scarce one honest woman in the whole of Jerusalem." Neither royal rank, nor ecclesiastical dignity, restrained their possessors from the prevailing immorality. The widow of the third Baldwin indulged in a criminal intrigue with Andronicus, who afterwards, on the throne of Constantinople, became notorious for his cruelties; and Heraclius, the Patriarch, was on such terms with Pascha de Rivera, wife of a vintner, that, at church and market, she wore ornaments purchased with the alms of the faithful, and enjoyed, far and wide, the title of "the Patriarchess."

It is true, that in the midst of profligacy and irreligion, the warriors of the cross preserved that courage, which had so often rendered them formidable to foes. But they were at variance with each other, incapable alike of commanding or obeying, and disinclined to brave hardships or bear fatigues. Baldwin the Fourth, son of Almeric, was a youth of feeble health, totally incapable of dealing with the difficulties with which his throne was encompassed; and a fierce dispute about the regency divided the kingdom of Jerusalem against itself. At length, Raymond, Count of Tripoli, became master of the situation, and undertook an expedition to Egypt. The enterprise proved unsuccessful, and would have ended in utter disaster. Luckily, however, for the Christians, Saladin was then in perplexity, and consented to a truce. So far they escaped the consequences of their imprudence, and had reason to congratulate themselves on their good fortune. But, untaught by experience, the Christians had the indiscretion to violate the truce; and Saladin, assembling an army, advanced upon Palestine, and ravaged the country.

The fate of the kingdom of Jerusalem now appeared to be sealed; Baldwin, apprehending the worst, shut himself upinAscalon, and Saladin, already anticipating victory, was distributing the cities among his emirs, when despair gave to the endangered Christians a dauntless degree of courage. Availing himself of the prevalent enthusiasm, Baldwin led his army from the city, and attacked the Moslem warriors with such impetuosity, that resistance was impossible. In vain did Saladin fight valiantly in the midst of his Mamelukes; the whole Moslem army was swept away, and the Sultan had the utmost difficulty in escaping across the desert.

Baldwin and his barons were now elate with success; but their joy was of brief duration. Saladin disdained the idea of acknowledging himself vanquished. Ere long, he again made his appearance at the head of a new army, and rendered cautious by experience, carried on the war to such advantage, that Baldwin was fain to solicit a truce. Saladin, imagining, perhaps, that he had taught his foes a lesson, consented; and peace was restored. But in the kingdom of Jerusalem, such was the absence of order, that no man could answer for the truce being maintained; and, as events proved, one man by breaking it, could involve the Christian states in fearful calamities.

It appears that among the warriors who followed the banner of Louis of France to the East, was a young man, with a comely face and a handsome person, known as Reginald do Chatillon. Romantic, adven-' turous, and with no particular temptation to return to Europe, Reginald remained in Asia, and taking service with Raymond of Poictiers, Prince of Antioch, became celebrated for his chivalric bravery. Meanwhile, Raymond of Poictiers died in a batttle with the Saracens; and his widow, Constance, was eagerly pressed to bestow her hand on some prince or noble, worthy of being associated with her in the government during her son's minority. But the granddaughter of Boemund of Tarentum, who naturally had a will of her own, passed over the claims of a host of princely suitors to unite her fate with that of Reginald.

Elevated by the love of a woman to the throne of Antioch, Reginald adopted the policy of the princes whose heiress she was, declared war against the Sultan of Damascus and the Empire of Constantinople, and proved himself formidable alike to Greek and Saracen. Taken prisoner, however, he was carried to Aleppo, and there lay in chains for years. Ob recovering liberty, he found that Constance of Antioch slept with her fathers, and that Boemund, her eldest son, having come to years, occupied the throne.

Finding his principality gone, Reginald resolved on restoring his fortunes by a second dash at matrimony, and espoused the widow of the Lord of Carac. With this lady he obtained some castles, situated between Palestine and Arabia, and had begun to prey upon the Moslem territories, when the Christians concluded the truce with Saladin.

Reginald, disinclined to abandon a system which he expected would prove profitable, paid no attention to the truce. While continuing his depredations, he happened to capture a caravan, with which was the mother of Saladin, on her way from Egypt to Damascus. The consequences were most unfortunate. Saladin, after complaining to Baldwin, and finding that the King could afford him no redress, seized fifteen hundred pilgrims on the Egyptian coast, and announced his intention of renewing hostilities.

At this eventful period, Baldwin was succeeded by the son of his sister Sybil. But the young King, who was a mere infant, soon died so suddenly that he was thought to have had foul play, and Guy dc Lusignan, Count of Joppa, and husband of Sybil, ascended tho throne, to which his wife was heiress. But the talents of the Count of Joppa, who was of the great family of Lusignan, in Poictou, were not considered of the highest order; and his elevation did not give general satisfaction. Even Geoffrey de Lusignan, the brother of Guy, whom the chroniclers describe as "a man of the most approved valor," heard of the proceeding with surprise. "What!" exclaimed Geoffrey, "Guy King of Jerusalem! Why, the men who think him worthy to be obeyed, did they but know me, would deem me worthy to be worshipped. They would make a god of me."

Nevertheless Guy assumed the functions of royalty, and determined to encounter the army of Saladin. Preparations were accordingly made; and, after some skirmishing, the King and the Sultan met in the neighborhood of Tiberias, which Saladin had carried by assault. The Saracens were infinitely superior in number; but the Christian warriors were animated by a degree of fiery valor, which rendered them formidable antagonists, and at the break of a July day, the battle commenced. The Christians, headed by their King, displayed great bravery; and, inspired by the sight of the true cross, which was borne by the Bishop of Acre, they performed prodigies of valor.

Night parted the combatants; but next day the struggle was renewed, and the Christians again fought with signal valor. Saladin, however, set fire to the grass that covered the plain, and the warriors of the cross, surrounded and scorched by the flames, fell into disorder. Nevertheless they fought furiously, and, with lance in rest, charged through clouds of smoke. But their onset proved vain; the true cross was taken; and the knights uttering cries of horror, rushed with desperation on the weapons of their foes. The battle became a rout. Raymond of Tripoli, who had done his duty valiantly, with the Prince of Antioch, and a small number of warriors, cut a way through the Saracens and galloped from the field. But for the others there was no escape. King Guy, Geoffrey de Lusignan, Reginald de Chatillon, the Grand Master of the Temple, and the most renowned knights in Palestine, were made prisoners, and conducted to the tent of the victor. Guy was treated with kindness, but Reginald de Chatillon was immediately stabbed; and the Templars and Hospitallers were next day publicly executed.

Saladin now proceeded on his victorious career. Acre, after a siege of two days, yielded to his summons; and Ceserea, Jaffa, and Arsuf, with many other cities, shared Acre's fate. Ascalon alone offered a brave resistance; and the inhabitants positively refused to yield, come what might, unless Saladin would consent to set Guy de Lusignan at liberty. The Sultan, not without admiration of their loyalty, consented to liberate the captive King ere the close of the year. But there was every probability, that, ere the year expired, Guy would be a king without a kingdom and without a capital; for as the autumn of 1187 advanced, Saladin, having taken Gaza, led his victorious army over the heights of Emmaus, and displayed his standards before the gates of Jerusalem.

Within the walls of Jerusalem, a hundred thousand human beings, most of them fugitives from the conquered provinces, were congregated. But the Holy City was almost without defenders. The inhabitants were in despair; and an eclipse of the sun, which suddenly produced utter darkness, appeared in their eyes a fearful presage. Nevertheless they prepared for defence; and under the command of Baleau d' Ibelin, an aged warrior, repaired their fortifications, and even ventured on a sortie. But, repulsed, they returned within the walls, carrying with them dismay and consternation.

One hope yet remained. The Sultan might not be indisposed to show clemency to those who were defenceless; and the discovery of a plot for surrendering, tended much to increase the desire to capitulate. Under these circumstances, Baleau d'lbelin, accompanied by the principal citizens, proceeded to the Sultan's tent, and proposed to surrender on certain conditions. Saladin, however, was inexorable. "How," said he, " can you ask me to grant conditions to a city which is already taken."

These words restored to the Christians the energy of enthusiasm. "If," said Baleau, " you can give us no hope of mercy, you will taste the fruits of our despair. Jerusalem contains five thousand Moslem captives who shall all perish. We will slay our wives and children to prevent them becoming your slaves; and when wo have reduced the Holy City to a heap of ruins, we will march out, armed with fire and sword, and no Christian will ascend to paradise without having consigned ten Moslems to hell."

The speech of the old warrior had its effect on the Sultan, and the citizens were requested to come back on the following day. Saladin then intimated his readiness to accept their terms, and agreed to a capitulation. All the warriors in Jerusalem were allowed to withdraw to Tripoli or Tyre. The inhabitants were granted their lives, and allowed to purchase their liberty. Those who could not, remained in slavery; and it appears that this was the fate of sixteen thousand.

When the day on which the Christians were to leave Jerusalem arrived, all the gates of the city, save that of St. David, were shut; and the Sultan, seated on a throne, saw them pass before him. The Patriarch, accompanied by the clergy, bearing the treasures of the church, headed the procession. Next appeared the Queen, attended by knights and warriors; and following her a multitude of men and women, carrying their children and supporting their aged relatives, and all uttering cries of distress. Saladin touched with the spectacle, addressed words of consolation to the Queen, and promised to soften the lot of such of her subjects as were left behind.
.....(Extracted from -The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, D. S. Richards)

Saladin in Jerusalem

The Conference Of Gisors

THE news of Saladin the Great having taken Jerusalem, filled Europe with surprise and consternation. The Pope, on receiving intelligence of the calamity, died of grief; priests journeyed from place to place, describing the plight of the Holy Sepulchre, trampled under the hoofs of horses; and Christians of the West forgot their own troubles to bewail the woes of the Christians of the East.




It had for some time been evident that the kingdom of Jerusalem could not be saved without aid from the warriors of Europe; and William, Archbishop of Tyre, author of a history of the Holy War, left the East to preach a crusade. After rousing the Italians, and persuading Frederick Barbarossa, the great Emperor of Germany, to take the cross, William of Tyre pressed onward to try his powers of persuasion on the sovereigns of England and France.


Henry Plantagenet and Philip Augustus were then at war. Nevertheless, a conference was appointed to take place on a plain near Gisors, and thither the King of England, then in his fifty-sixth year, and the King of France, not yet thirty, came to meet the Arch-bishopf with companies of knights, barons, and princes, all eager to hear tidings from the East, and none of them disinclined to encounter the infidel.


After reaching the ground, and presenting himself to the assembly, the Archbishop read the warriors an account of the fall of Jerusalem; he then delivered an eloquent address, reproaching them for not having gone to save Christ's heritage, and exhorting them to hasten to its rescue. His eloquence proved most effective. Henry and Philip, embracing in presence of the assembled warriors, agreed to suspend their quarrels to combat the enemies of Christ; and from all present arose shouts of "The cross!" "The cross!"


The cry thus raised around an elm-tree on the plain of Gisors, where a church was soon after built to commemorate the scene, was carried from city to city, and from province to province. The old spirit, in fact, revived -- mothers urged their sons, and wives urged their husbands, to devote themselves to the Holy War; and persons suspected of a wish to hang back, received a distaff and wool, as a significant hint that whoever declined would forfeit his title to be recognized as a man. At the same time, in order to defray the cost of the enterprise, a council of prelates and princes condemned all who did not take the cross to contribute a tithe of their revenues; and this tax, from the alarm associated with the name of the great Sultan, soon came to be described as "the Saladin tenth."


William of Tyre could now indulge in some hope for Jerusalem. The three most potent of the European sovereigns -- those of Germany, England, and Franco -- had pledged themselves to light lor the Holy Sepulchre, and all their subjects were astir with excitement and bustle. The expedition, indeed, met with some checks. Ere preparations were well begun, war broke out again in Europe; and ere they were completed, Henry, worn out with war and weary with thought, breathed his last at Chinon, and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Richard Coeur de Lion. The crusade, however, cannot be said to have suffered by the substitution of the son for the father. What was lost in wisdom was gained in vigor. Coeur de Lion had been among the first to take the cross at Gisors, and of all those who placed the sacred badge on their shoulder, he was the most enthusiastic and eager. Palestine, in fact, had become Richard's one idea; and English armorers were forging for him a ponderous battle-axe, and working twenty pounds of steel into the head of the weapon, that he might therewith break the bones of Saracen

.........(Extracted from -The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, D. S. Richards)

Saladin in news and TV

Conquering heroes: Louis VII, King of France, and Conrad II, King of Germany, enter Constantinople Tom Holland reviews The Second Crusade: Extending The Frontiers of Christendom by Jonathan Phillips

Allan Massie reviews The Second Crusade
Mark Waugh, the brilliant Australian cricketer whose batting all too often proved fatal to England's Ashes hopes, was first selected to play for his country a full five years after his twin brother, Steve. During that time, as Mark languished in the obscurity of domestic cricket, his team-mates took to calling him 'Afghanistan' - the forgotten Waugh.


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Allan Massie reviews The Second Crusade
The Hundred Years War, Vol III by Jonathan Sumption: review
Review: The Enemy at the Gate by Andrew WheatcroftA nickname as witty as it was cruel: for it reflected something telling about the way in which some conflicts do indeed end up lacking in the celebrity stakes.

Everyone, for instance, has heard of the First Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Jerusalem, or the Third, which featured the play-off between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin. What, though, of the one that came in between? Doubtless, had the Waugh twins been surnamed 'Crusade', Mark's nickname would have been 'The Second'.

Forgotten the campaign certainly has been. Not since 1866, Jonathan Phillips assures us in the introduction to his new book, has there been so much as a monograph devoted to it. The reasons for this neglect are not hard to guess. Unlike the First Crusade, the Second (1145-49) ended up - by and large - as a damp squib; unlike the Third, the kings who led it were decidedly unglamorous.

Evidently, despite the fact that we are all supposed to feel a bit embarrassed about the crusades nowadays, the preference of most of us is still for books that focus on Christian successes.

And yet, as Phillips points out, 'simply because the Second Crusade failed does not mean that it offers little of interest to the modern historian'. An assertion that his scholarly but never less than gripping study more than serves to justify.

Indeed, it is a key mark of Phillips's effectiveness as a historian that for much of the book he signally refuses to indulge in the condescension that is so often the consequence of hindsight. A telling achievement: for it enables him to view the preparations for the Crusade through the eyes of those who lived through them, and to demonstrate how all that was most innovatory about the crusaders' plans and ambitions tended to have been bred of a giddy self-confidence.

So dazzling had been the achievements of the First Crusade that those who followed in its wake, even as they yearned to blaze their own trail, had little doubt that God was bound to end up blessing their ventures. As a result, the Second Crusade was conducted on an even grander and more swaggering scale than the First had been.

So excitable were the crowds that turned out to hear the project's principal cheerleader, Bernard of Clairvaux, that sometimes, as Phillips nicely puts it, 'like a modern celebrity, he was forced to remain in hiding for his own safety'.

Instead of the dukes and adventurers who had led the First Crusade, the Second was headed by monarchs: Louis VII, the King of France, and Conrad III, the King of Germany, no less. Above all, rather than confining their attentions merely to the Holy Land itself, the enthusiasts for the Crusade hoped to see the frontiers of Christendom pushed back wherever they appeared under threat.

So it was that, even as the main expedition headed off for the Near East, other armies of crusaders were crashing through the dark Baltic forests to engage with the pagan Slavs, or else descending on the strongholds of Muslim Spain. 'The trumpet of salvation', as a Catalan bishop boasted, 'rings out throughout the world.'

And yet, in the event, it was destined to sound a most uncertain note.

True, there were a few notable successes, including, most significantly of all, the capture of Lisbon: an episode that Phillips recounts particularly stirringly. Nevertheless, Iberia could hardly compare with the Holy Land as a focus for Christian hopes and expectations; and even though the Kings of France and Germany did both finally limp their way into Jerusalem, that was about the limit of their achievements.

What on the First Crusade had been a succession of heroic triumphs was played out again on the Second as farce.

Battles against the Turks were humiliatingly lost; sieges of Muslim cities no less humiliatingly abandoned. Setting the seal on things, it was even rumoured that Eleanor of Aquitaine, the then Queen of France who had accompanied her royal husband on the expedition, had cuckolded him with her uncle, the Prince of Antioch.

Well might one chronicler have derided the entire crusade as having achieved 'nothing useful or worth repeating'.

Nothing useful, perhaps. Nevertheless, as Phillips convincingly demonstrates, it is a story that deserves better than to be glossed over. At a time when, for obvious reasons, public interest in the entire concept of holy war has never been greater, this is a book that deserves to be read by anyone with an interest in how the theology and practice of crusading evolved.

Aimed primarily at an academic audience though it may be, it also merits being read as a sequel to Thomas Ashbridge's racy and more populist account of the First Crusade. Like the Waugh twins, the two books make a most compelling pair.


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This is taken from staronline in Malaysia where saladin stories were widely accepted.

Thursday November 12, 2009
Saladin in animated form will be shown in TV series.
It will be making debut next month


It took about five years to make Saladin: The Animated Series and it is almost ready to be broadcasted. That was the message made by the executive general manager of Al Jazeera Children’s Channel, Mahmoud Bouneb.

He commented. “We are in the final stages now and will be ready to air the first season by Ramadan next year,” he said. “The first season will consist of 13 episodes and we have signed on for another 13 episodes after that.”

This series is a joint venture between the network which is based in middle east, Qatar and the Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC) in Malaysia which started production in 2004. Since then, a trailer and one episode have been shown.

“We had expected the delay. Delays are inevitable when working to create something this special,” said Mahmoud, who is a member of the MSC Malaysia International Advisory Panel.

“We had worked very hard, everybody from graphic artist, to copy writers, and hopefully the series will be a inspire the Muslim world to create more contents for movie and television.”

He said that most of today’s broadcasting, particularly that for children, comes from the West and there is little in those that Asian children can identify with from their own upbringing.

“We dont want to rely on Hollywood for TV content anymore,” he said. “Also, we are encouraged by the Malaysian Government’s efforts to nurture the creativity of its people in broadcasting and animation.”

There is a plan to produce a movie on Saladin sometime in the future, said Mahmoud.

“We are looking for a good script,” he said. “The movie should be about 90-100 minutes long and we hope to roll it out internationally.”

Saladin was a Kurdish Muslim who recaptured the city of Palestine from the Crusaders in 1187. He ruled over Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Hejaz, and Yemen.

Sunday, January 3, 2010

Sejarah Saladin

Sahalahuddin Yusuf bin Najmuddin Ayyub dilahirkan di Takrit Irak pada tahun 532 Hijrah /1138 Masihi dan wafat pada tahun 589 H/1193 M di Damsyik. Beliau adalah pengasas Daulat Al-Ayyubiyah dan bergelar Sultan Shalahuddin. Seorang pahlawan Islam yang paling gagah berani dalam perang Salib dan berhasil merebut kembali Baitul Maqdis dari tangan kaum Salib Kristian. Hasutan Sang Paderi Jerussalem merupakan kota Suci bagi ketiga-tiga agama samawi yakni Islam, Yahudi dan Kristian. Di dalam kota inilah letaknya Masjid Al-Aqsa yang dibangun oleh Nabi Sulaiman dan menjadi Kiblat pertama umat Islam sebelum beralih ke Baitullah di Makkah. Ketika Nabi Muhammad Isra’, singgah dan solat di masjid ini sebelum Mi’raj ke langit. Nabi Isa as. juga dilahirkan di Baitullaham berdekatan kota Jerussalam ini. Di masa pemerintahan Khalifah Umar bin Khattab (13-23 H/634-644 M) Jerussalam dapat direbut oleh kaum Muslimin dalam suatu penyerahan kuasa secara damai. Khalifah Umar sendiri datang ke Jerussalem untuk menerima penyerahan kota Suci itu atas desakan dan persetujuan Uskup Agung Sophronius. Berabad abad lamanya kota itu berada di bawah pentadbiran Islam, tapi penduduknya bebas memeluk agama dan melaksanakan ajaran agamanya masing-masing tanpa ada gangguan. Orang-orang Kristian dari seluruh dunia juga bebas datang untuk mengerjakan haji di kota Suci itu dan mengerjakan upacara keagamaannya. Orang-orang Kristian dari Eropah datang mengerjakan haji dalam jumlah rombongan yang besar dengan membawa obor dan pedang seperti tentera. Sebahagian dari mereka mempermainkan pedang dengan dikelilingi pasukan gendang dan seruling dan diiringkan pula oleh pasukan bersenjata lengkap. Sebelum Jerussalem ditadbir Kerajaan Seljuk pada tahun 1070, upacara seperti itu dibiarkan saja oleh umat Islam, kerana dasar toleransi agama. Akan tetapi apabila Kerajaan Seljuk memerintah, upacara seperti itu tidak dibernarkan, dengan alasan keselamatan. Mungkin kerana upacara tersebut semakin berbahaya. Lebih-lebih lagi kumpulan-kumpulan yang mengambil bahagian dalam upacara itu sering menyebabkan pergaduhan dan huruhara. Disebutkan bahawa pada tahun 1064 ketua Uskup memimpin pasukan seramai 7000 orang jemaah haji yang terdiri dari kumpulan Baron-baron dan para pahlawan telah menyerang orang-orang Arab dan orang-orang Turki. Itulah yang membimbangkan Kerajaan Seljuk. Jadi larangan itu demi keselamatan Jemaah haji Kristian itu sendiri. Malangnya, tindakan Seljuk itu menjadi salah anggapan oleh orang-orang Eropah. Ketua-ketua agama mereka telah berkempin bahawa kebebasan agamanya telah dicabuli oleh orang-orang Islam dan menyeru agar Tanah Suci itu dibebaskan dari genggaman umat Islam. Patriach Ermite adalah paderi yang paling lantang dan bertungkus lumus mengapi-apikan kemarahan umat Kristian. Dia asalnya seorang tentera, tapi kemudian menjadi paderi, berwatak kepala angin dan cepat marah. Dalam usahanya untuk menarik simpati umat Kristian, Ermite telah berkeliling Eropah dengan mengenderai seekor kaldai sambil memikul kayu Salib besar, berkaki ayam dan berpakaian compang camping. Dia telah berpidato di hadapan orang ramai sama ada di dalam gereja, di jalan-jalan raya atau di pasar-pasar. Dia menceritakan sama ada benar atau bohong kisah kunjungannya ke Baitul Maqdis. Katanya, dia melihat pencerobohan kesucian ke atas kubur Nabi Isa oleh Kerajaan Turki Seljuk. Diceritakan bahawa jemaah haji Kristian telah dihina, dizalimi dan dinista oleh orang-orang Islam di Jerussalem. Serentak dengan itu, dia menggalakkan orang ramai agar bangkit menyertai perang untuk membebaskan Jerussalem dari tangan orang Islam. Hasutan Ermite berhasil dengan menggalakkan. Paus Urbanus II mengumumkan ampunan seluruh dosa bagi yang bersedia dengan suka rela mengikuti Perang Suci itu, sekalipun sebelumnya dia merupakan seorang perompak, pembunuh, pencuri dan sebagainya. Maka keluarlah ribuan umat Kristian untuk mengikuti perang dengan memikul senjata untuk menyertai perang Suci. Mereka yang ingin mengikuti perang ini diperintahkan agar meletakkan tanda Salib di badannya, oleh kerana itulah perang ini disebut Perang Salib. Paus Urbanus menetapkan tarikh 15 Ogos 1095 bagi pemberangkatan tentera Salib menuju Timur Tengah, tapi kalangan awam sudah tidak sabar menunggu lebih lama lagi setelah dijanjikan dengan berbagai kebebasan, kemewahan dan habuan. Mereka mendesak Paderi Patriach Ermite agar berangkat memimpin mereka. Maka Ermite pun berangkat dengan 60,000 orang pasukan, kemudian disusul oleh kaum tani dari Jerman seramai 20.000, datang lagi 200,000 orang menjadikan jumlah keseluruhannya 300,000 orang lelaki dan perempuan. Sepanjang perjalanan, mereka di izinkan merompak, memperkosa, berzina dan mabuk-mabuk. Setiap penduduk negeri yang dilaluinya, selalu mengalu-alukan dan memberikan bantuan seperlunya. Akan tetapi sesampainya di Hongaria dan Bulgaria, sambutan sangat dingin, menyebabkan pasukan Salib yang sudah kekurangan makanan ini marah dan merampas harta benda penduduk. Penduduk di dua negeri ini tidak tinggal diam. Walau pun mereka sama-sama beragama Kristian, mereka tidak senang dan bertindak balas. Terjadilah pertempuran sengit dan pembunuhan yang mengerikan. Dari 300,000 orang pasukan Salib itu hanya 7000 sahaja yang selamat sampai di Semenanjung Thracia di bawah pimpinan sang Rahib. Apabila pasukan Salib itu telah mendarat di pantai Asia kecil, pasukan kaum Muslimin yang di pimpin oleh Sultan Kalij Arselan telah menyambutnya dengan hayunan pedang. Maka terjadilah pertempuran sengit antara kaum Salib dengan pasukan Islam yang berakhir dengan hancur binasanya seluruh pasukan Salib itu.



winamp05- 02-21-2007

Kaum Salib Mengganas Setelah kaum Salib yang dipimpin oleh para Rahib yang tidak tahu strategi perang itu musnah sama sekali, muncullah pasukan Salib yang dipimpin oleh anak-anak Raja Godfrey dari Lorraine Perancis, Bohemund dari Normandy dan Raymond dari Toulouse. Mereka berkumpul di Konstantinopel dengan kekuatan 150,000 askar, kemudian menyeberang selat Bosfur dan melanggar wliayah Islam bagaikan air bah. Pasukan kaum Muslimin yang hanya berkekuatan 50,000 orang bertahan mati-matian di bawah pimpinan Sultan Kalij Arselan. Satu persatu kota dan Benteng kaum Muslimin jatuh ke tangan kaum Salib, memaksa Kalij Arselan berundur dari satu benteng ke benteng yang lain sambil menyusun kekuatan dan taktik baru. Bala bantuan kaum Salib datang mencurah-curah dari negara-negara Eropah. Sedangkan Kalij Arselan tidak dapat mengharapkan bantuan dari wilayah-wilayah Islam yang lain, kerana mereka sibuk dengan kemelut dalaman masing-masing. Setelah berlaku pertempuran sekian lama, akhirnya kaum Salib dapat mara dan mengepung Baitul Maqdis, tapi penduduk kota Suci itu tidak mahu menyerah kalah begitu saja. Mereka telah berjuang dengan jiwa raga mempertahankan kota Suci itu selama satu bulan.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Akhirnya pada 15 Julai 1099, Baitul Maqdis jatuh ke tangan pasukan Salib, tercapailah cita-cita mereka. Berlakulah keganasan luar biasa yang belum pernah terjadi dalam sejarah umat manusia. Kaum kafir Kristian itu telah menyembelih penduduk awam Islam lelaki, perempuan dan kanak-kanak dengan sangat ganasnya. Mereka juga membantai orang-orang Yahudi dan orang-orang Kristian yang enggan bergabung dengan kaum Salib. Keganasan kaum Salib Kristian yang sangat melampau itu telah dikutuk dan diperkatakan oleh para saksi dan penulis sejarah yang terdiri dari berbagai agama dan bangsa. Seorang ahli sejarah Perancis, Michaud berkata: “Pada saat penaklukan Jerussalem oleh orang Kristian tahun 1099, orang-orang Islam dibantai di jalan-jalan dan di rumah-rumah. Jerussalem tidak punya tempat lagi bagi orang-orang yang kalah itu. Beberapa orang cuba mengelak dari kematian dengan cara menghendap-hendap dari benteng, yang lain berkerumun di istana dan berbagai menara untuk mencari perlindungan terutama di masjid-masjid. Namun mereka tetap tidak dapat menyembunyikan diri dari pengejaran orang-orang Kristian itu. Tentera Salib yang menjadi tuan di Masjid Umar, di mana orang-orang Islam cuba mempertahankan diri selama beberapa lama menambahkan lagi adegan-adegan yang mengerikan yang menodai penaklukan Titus. Tentera infanteri dan kaveleri lari tunggang langgang di antara para buruan. Di tengah huru-hara yang mengerikan itu yang terdengar hanya rintihan dan jeritan kematian. Orang-orang yang menang itu memijak-mijak tumpukan mayat ketika mereka lari mengejar orang yang cuba menyelamatkan diri dengan sia-sia. Raymond d’Agiles, yang menyaksikan peristiwa itu dengan mata kepalanya sendiri mengatakan: “Di bawah serambi masjid yang melengkung itu, genangan darah dalamnya mencecah lutut dan mencapai tali kekang kuda.” Aksi pembantaian hanya berhenti beberapa saat saja, yakni ketika pasukan Salib itu berkumpul untuk menyatakan kesyukuran di atas kemenangan mereka. Tapi sebaik saja upacara itu selesai, pembantaian diteruskan dengan lebih ganas lagi. Seterusnya Michaud berkata: “Semua yang tertangkap yang disisakan dari pembantaian pertama, semua yang telah diselamatkan untuk mendapatkan upeti, dibantai dengan kejam. Orang-orang Islam itu dipaksa terjun dari puncak menara dan bumbung-bumbung rumah, mereka dibakar hidup -hidup , diheret dari tempat persembunyian bawah tanah, diheret ke hadapan umum dan dikurbankan di tiang gantungan. Air mata wanita, tangisan kanak-kanak, begitu juga pemandangan dari tempat Yesus Kristus memberikan ampun kepada para algojonya, sama sekali tidak dapat meredhakan nafsu membunuh orang-orang yang menang itu. Penyembelihan itu berlangsung selama seminggu. Beberapa orang yang berhasil melarikan diri, dimusnahkan atau dikurangkan bilangannya dengan perhambaan atau kerja paksa yang mengerikan.” Gustav Le Bon telah mensifatkan penyembelihan kaum Salib Kristian sebagaimana kata-katanya: “Kaum Salib kita yang “bertakwa” itu tidak memadai dengan melakukan berbagai bentuk kezaliman, kerosakan dan penganiayaan, mereka kemudian mengadakan suatu mesyuarat yang memutuskan supaya dibunuh saja semua penduduk Baitul Maqdis yang terdiri dari kaum Muslimin dan bangsa Yahudi serta orang-orang Kristian yang tidak memberikan pertolongan kepada mereka yang jumlah mencapai 60,000 orang. Orang-orang itu telah dibunuh semua dalam masa 8 hari saja termasuk perempuan, kanak-kanak dan orang tua, tidak seorang pun yang terkecuali. Ahli sejarah Kristian yang lain, Mill, mengatakan: “Ketika itu diputuskan bahawa rasa kasihan tidak boleh diperlihatkan terhadap kaum Muslimin. Orang-orang yang kalah itu diheret ke tempat-tempat umum dan dibunuh. Semua kaum wanita yang sedang menyusu, anak-anak gadis dan anak-anak lelaki dibantai dengan kejam. Tanah padang, jalan-jalan, bahkan tempat-tempat yang tidak berpenghuni di Jerusssalem ditaburi oleh mayat-mayat wanita dan lelaki, dan tubuh kanak-kanak yang koyak-koyak. Tidak ada hati yang lebur dalam keharuan atau yang tergerak untuk berbuat kebajikan melihat peristiwa mengerikan itu.”


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Kemunculan Panglima Shalahuddin Jatuhnya kota Suci Baitul Maqdis ke tangan kaum Salib telah mengejutkan para pemimpin Islam. Mereka tidak menyangka kota Suci yang telah dikuasainya selama lebih 500 tahun itu boleh terlepas dalam sekelip mata. Mereka sedar akan kesilapan mereka kerana berpecah belah. Para ulama telah berbincang dengan para Sultan, Emir dan Khalifah agar mengambil berat dalam perkara ini. Usaha mereka berhasil. Setiap penguasa negara Islam itu bersedia bergabung tenaga untuk merampas balik kota Suci tersebut. Di antara pemimpin yang paling gigih dalam usaha menghalau tentera Salib itu ialah Imamuddin Zanki dan diteruskan oleh anaknya Emir Nuruddin Zanki dengan dibantu oleh panglima Asasuddin Syirkuh. Setelah hampir empat puluh tahun kaum Salib menduduki Baitul Maqdis, Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi baru lahir ke dunia, yakni pada tahun 1138 Masihi. Keluarga Shalahuddin taat beragama dan berjiwa pahlawan. Ayahnya, Najmuddin Ayyub adalah seorang yang termasyhur dan beliau pulalah yang memberikan pendidikan awal kepada Shalahuddin. Selain itu, Shalahuddin juga mendapat pendidikan dari bapa saudaranya Asasuddin Syirkuh seorang negarawan dan panglima perang Syria yang telah berhasil mengalahkan tentera Salib sama ada di Syria ataupun di Mesir. Dalam setiap peperangan yang dipimpin oleh panglima Asasuddin, Shalahuddin sentiasa ikut sebagai tentera pejuang sekalipun usianya masih muda. Pada tahun 549 H/1154 M, panglima Asasuddin Syirkuh memimpin tenteranya merebut dan menguasai Damsyik. Shalahuddin yang ketika itu baru berusia 16 tahun turut serta sebagai pejuang. Pada tahun 558 H/1163 Masihi, panglima Asasuddin membawa Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi yang ketika itu berusia 25 tahun untuk menundukkan Daulat Fatimiyah di Mesir yang diperintah oleh Aliran Syiah Ismailiyah yang semakin lemah.Usahanya berhasil. Khalifah Daulat Fatimiyah terakhir Adhid Lidinillah dipaksa oleh Asasuddin Syirkuh untuk menandatangani perjanjian. Akan tetapi, Wazir besar Shawar merasa cemburu melihat Syirkuh semakin popular di kalangan istana dan rakyat. Dengan senyap-senyap dia pergi ke Baitul Maqdis dan meminta bantuan dari pasukan Salib untuk menghalau Syirkuh daripada berkuasa di Mesir. Pasukan Salib yang dipimpin oleh King Almeric dari Jerussalem menerima baik jemputan itu. Maka terjadilah pertempuran antara pasukan Asasuddin dengan King Almeric yang berakhir dengan kekalahan Asasuddin. Setelah menerima syarat-syarat damai dari kaum Salib, panglima Asasuddin dan Shalahuddin dibenarkan balik ke Damsyik. Kerjasama Wazir besar Shawar dengan orang kafir itu telah menimbulkan kemarahan Emir Nuruddin Zanki dan para pemimpin Islam lainnya termasuk Baghdad. Lalu dipersiapkannya tentera yang besar yang tetap dipimpin oleh panglima Syirkuh dan Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi untuk menghukum si pengkhianat Shawar. King Almeric terburu-buru menyiapkan pasukannya untuk melindungi Wazir Shawar setelah mendengar kemaraan pasukan Islam. Akan tetapi Panglima Syirkuh kali ini bertindak lebih pantas dan berhasil membinasakan pasukan King Almeric dan menghalaunya dari bumi Mesir dengan aib sekali. Panglima Shirkuh dan Shalahuddin terus mara ke ibu kota Kaherah dan mendapat tentangan dari pasukan Wazir Shawar. Akan tetapi pasukan Shawar hanya dapat bertahan sebentar saja, dia sendiri melarikan diri dan bersembunyi. Khalifah Al-Adhid Lidinillah terpaksa menerima dan menyambut kedatangan panglima Syirkuh buat kali kedua. Suatu hari panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi berziarah ke kuburan seorang wali Allah di Mesir, ternyata Wazir Besar Shawar dijumpai bersembunyi di situ. Shalahuddin segera menangkap Shawar, dibawa ke istana dan kemudian dihukum bunuh. Khalifah Al-Adhid melantik panglima Asasuddin Syirkuh menjadi Wazir Besar menggantikan Shawar. Wazir Baru itu segera melakukan perbaikan dan pembersihan pada setiap institusi kerajaan secara berperingkat. Sementara anak saudaranya, panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi diperintahkan membawa pasukannya mengadakan pembersihan di kota-kota sepanjang sungai Nil sehingga Assuan di sebelah utara dan bandar-bandar lain termasuk bandar perdagangan Iskandariah.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Menutup Daulat Fatimiyah Wazir Besar Syirkuh tidak lama memegang jawatannya, kerana beliau wafat pada tahun 565 H/1169 M. Khalifah Al-Adhid melantik panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi menjadi Wazir Besar menggantikan Syirkuh dengan mendapat persetujuan pembesar-pembesar Kurdi dan Turki. Walaupun berkhidmat di bawah Khalifah Daulat Fatimiah, Shalahuddin tetap menganggap Emir Nuruddin Zanki sebagai ketuanya. Nuruddin Zanki berulang kali mendesak Shahalahuddin agar menangkap Khalifah Al-Adhid dan mengakhiri kekuasaan Daulat Fatimiah untuk seterusnya diserahkan semula kepada Daulat Abbasiah di Baghdad. Akan tetapi Shalahuddin tidak mahu bertindak terburu-buru, beliau memperhatikan keadaan sekelilingnya sehingga musuh-musuh dalam selimut betul-betul lumpuh. Barulah pada tahun 567 H/1171 Masihi, Shalahuddin mengumumkan penutupan Daulat Fatimiah dan kekuasaan diserahkan semula kepada Daulat Abbasiah. Maka doa untuk Khalifah Al-Adhid pada khutbah Jumaat hari itu telah ditukar kepada doa untuk Khalifah Al-Mustadhi dari Daulat Abbasiah. Ketika pengumuman peralihan kuasa itu dibuat, Khalifah Al-Adhid sedang sakit kuat, sehingga beliau tidak mengetahui perubahan besar yang berlaku di dalam negerinya dan tidak mendengar bahawa Khatib Jumaat sudah tidak mendoakan dirinya lagi. Sehari selepas pengumuman itu, Khalifah Al-Adhid wafat dan dikebumikan sebagaimana kedudukan sebelumnya, yakni sebagai Khalifah. Dengan demikian berakhirlah kekuasaan Daulat Fatimyah yang dikuasai oleh kaum Syi’ah selama 270 tahun. Keadaan ini sememangnya telah lama ditunggu-tunggu oleh golongan Ahlussunnah di seluruh negara Islam lebih-lebih lagi di Mesir sendiri. Apalagi setelah Wazir Besar Shawar berkomplot dengan kaum Salib musuh Islam. Pengembalian kekuasaan kepada golongan Sunni itu telah disambut meriah di seluruh wilayah-wilayah Islam, lebih-lebih di Baghdad dan Syiria atas restu Khalifah Al-Mustadhi dan Emir Nuruddin Zanki. Mereka sangat berterima kasih kepada Panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi yang dengan kebijaksanaan dan kepintarannya telah menukar suasana itu secara aman dan damai. Serentak dengan itu pula, Wazir Besar Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi telah merasmikan Universiti Al-Azhar yang selama ini dikenal sebagai pusat pengajian Syiah kepada pusat pengajian Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah. Semoga Allah membalas jasa-jasa Shalahuddin.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Menyatupadukan Kuasa-Kuasa Islam Walaupun sangat pintar dan bijak mengatur strategi dan berani di medan tempur, Shalahuddin berhati lembut, tidak mahu menipu atasan demi kekuasaan dunia. Beliau tetap setia pada atasannya, tidak mahu merampas kuasa untuk kepentingan peribadi. Kerana apa yang dikerjakannya selama ini hanyalah mencari peluang untuk menghalau tentera Salib dari bumi Jerussalem. Untuk tujuan ini, beliau berusaha menyatu padukan wilayah-wilyah Islam terlebih dahulu, kemudian menghapuskan para pengkhianat agama dan negara agar peristiwa Wazir Besar Shawar tidak berulang lagi. Di Mesir, beliau telah berkuasa penuh, tapi masih tetap taat setia pada kepimpinan Nuruddin Zanki dan Khalifah di Baghdad. Tahun 1173 M, Emir Nuruddin Zanki wafat dan digantikan oleh puteranya Ismail yang ketika itu baru berusia 11 tahun dan bergelar Mulk al Shalih. Para ulama dan pembesar menginginkan agar Emir Salahudin mengambil alih kuasa kerana tidak suka kepada Mulk al-Shalih keran selalu cuai melaksanakan tanggungjawabnya dan suka bersenang-senang. Akan tetapi Shalahuddin tetap taat setia dan mendoakan Mulk al Saleh dalam setiap khutbah Jumaat, bahkan mengabadikannya pada mata wang syiling. Apabila Damsyik terdedah pada serangan kaum Salib, barulah Shalahudin menggerakkan pasukannya ke Syiria untuk mempertahankan kota itu daripada jatuh. Tidak lama kemudian Ismail wafat, maka Shalahuddin menyatukan Syria dengan Mesir dan menubuhkan Emirat Al-Ayyubiyah dengan beliau sendiri sebagai Emirnya yang pertama. Tiada berapa lama kemudian, Sultan Shalahuddin dapat menggabungkan negeri-negeri An-Nubah, Sudan, Yaman dan Hijaz ke dalam kekuasaannya yang besar. Negara di Afirka yang telah diduduki oleh askar Salib dari Normandy, juga telah dapat direbutnya dalam masa yang singkat. Dengan ini kekuasaan Shalahuddin telah cukup besar dan kekuatan tenteranya cukup ramai untuk mengusir tentera kafir Kristian yang menduduki Baitul Maqdis selama berpuluh tahun. Sifatnya yang lemah lembut, zuhud, wara’ dan sederhana membuat kaum Muslimin di bawah kekuasaannya sangat mencintainya. Demikian juga para ulama sentiasa mendoakannya agar cita-cita sucinya untuk merampas semula Tanah Suci berhasil dengan segera.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Perjuangan Merebut Baitul Maqdis Setelah merasa kuat, Sultan Shalahuddin menumpukan perhatiannya untuk memusnahkan tentera Salib yang menduduki Baitul Maqdis dan merebut kota Suci itu semula. Banyak rintangan dan problem yang dialami oleh Sultan sebelum maksudnya tercapai. Siasah yang mula-mula dijalankannya adalah mengajak tentera Salib untuk berdamai. Pada lahirnya, kaum Salib memandang bahawa Shalahuddin telah menyerah kalah, lalu mereka menerima perdamaian ini dengan sombong. Sultan sudah menjangka bahawa orang-orang kafir Kristian itu akan mengkhianati perjanjian, maka ini akan menjadi alasan bagi beliau untuk melancarkan serangan. Untuk ini, beliau telah membuat persiapan secukupnya. Ternyata memang betul, baru sebentar perjanjian ditandatangani, kaum Salib telah mengadakan pelanggaran. Maka Sultan Shalahuddin, segera bergerak melancarkan serangan, tapi kali ini masih gagal dan beliau sendiri hampir kena tawan. Beliau kembali ke markasnya dan menyusun kekuatan yang lebih besar. Suatu kejadian yang mengejutkan Sultan dalam suasana perdamaian adalah tindakan seorang panglima Salib Count Rainald de Chatillon yang bergerak dengan pasukannya untuk menyerang kota Suci Makkah dan Madinah. Akan tetapi pasukan ini hancur binasa digempur mujahid Islam di laut Merah dan Count Rainald dan sisa pasukannya balik ke Jerussalem. Dalam perjalanan, mereka telah berjumpa dengan satu iring-iringan kafilah kaum Muslimin yang didalamnya terdapat seorang saudara perempuan Sultan Shalahuddin. Tanpa berfikir panjang, Count dan kuncu-kuncunya menyerang kafilah tersebut dan menawan mereka termasuk saudara perempuan kepada Shalahuddin. Dengan angkuh Count berkata: “Apakah Muhammad, Nabi mereka itu mampu datang untuk menyelamatkan mereka?” Seorang anggota kafilah yang dapat meloloskan diri terus lari dan melapor kepada Sultan apa yang telah terjadi. Sultan sangat marah terhadap pencabulan gencatan senjata itu dan mengirim perutusan ke Jerussalem agar semua tawanan dibebaskan. Tapi mereka tidak memberikan jawapan. Ekoran kejadian ini, Sultan keluar membawa pasukannya untuk menghukum kaum Salib yang sering mengkhianati janji itu. Terjadilah pertempuran yang sangat besar di gunung Hittin sehingga dikenal dengan Perang Hittin. Dalam pertempuran ini, Shalahuddin menang besar. Pasukan musuh yang berjumlah 45,000 orang hancur binasa dan hanya tinggal beberapa ribu saja yang sebagian besarnya menjadi tawanan termasuk Count Rainald de Chatillon sendiri. Semuanya diangkut ke Damaskus. Count Rainald yang telah menawan saudara perempuan Sultan dan mempersendakan Nabi Muhammad itu digiring ke hadapan beliau. “Nah, bagaimana jadinya yang telah nampak oleh engkau sekarang? Apakah saya tidak cukup menjadi pengganti Nabi Besar Muhammad untuk melakukan pembalasan terhadap berbagai penghinaan engkau itu?” tanya Sultan Shalahuddin. Shalahuddin mengajak Count agar masuk Islam, tapi dia tidak mahu. Maka dia pun dihukum bunuh kerana telah menghina Nabi Muhammad.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Kembali Ke Pangkuan Kaum Muslimin Setelah melalui berbagai peperangan dan menaklukkan berbagai benteng dan kota, sampailah Sultan Shalahuddin pada matlamat utamanya iaitu merebut Baitul Maqdis. Kini beliau mengepung Jerussalem selama empat puluh hari membuat penduduk di dalam kota itu tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa dan kekurangan keperluan asas. Waktu itu Jerussalem dipenuhi dengan kaum pelarian dan orang-orang yang selamat dalam perang Hittin. Tentera pertahanannya sendiri tidak kurang dari 60,000 orang. Pada mulanya Sultan menyerukan seruan agar kota Suci itu diserahkan secara damai. Beliau tidak ingin bertindak seperti yang dilakukan oleh Godfrey dan orang-orangnya pada tahun 1099 untuk membalas dendam. Akan tetapi pihak Kristian telah menolak tawaran baik dari Sultan, bahkan mereka mengangkat Komandan Perang untuk mempertahankan kota itu. Kerana mereka menolak seruan, Sultan Shalahuddin pun bersumpah akan membunuh semua orang Kristian di dalam kota itu sebagai membalas dendam ke atas peristiwa 90 tahun yang lalu. Mulailah pasukan kaum Muslimin melancarkan serangan ke atas kota itu dengan anak panah dan manjanik. Kaum Salib membalas serangan itu dari dalam benteng. Setelah berlangsung serangan selama empat belas hari, kaum Salib melihat bahawa pintu benteng hampir musnah oleh serangan kaum Muslimin. Para pemimpin kaum Salib mulai merasa takut melihat kegigihan dan kekuatan pasukan Muslim yang hanya tinggal menunggu masa untuk melanggar masuk. Beberapa pemimpin Kristian telah keluar menemui Sultan Shalahuddin menyatakan hasratnya untuk menyerahkan kota Suci secara aman dan minta agar nyawa mereka diselamatkan. Akan tetapi Sultan menolak sambil berkata: “Aku tidak akan menaklukkan kota ini keculai dengan kekerasan sebagaimana kamu dahulu menaklukinya dengan kekerasan. Aku tidak akan membiarkan seorang Kristian pun melainkan akan kubunuh sebagaimana engkau membunuh semua kaum Muslimin di dalam kota ini dahulu.” Setelah usaha diplomatik mereka tidak berhasil, Datuk Bandar Jerussalem sendiri datang menghadap Sultan dengan merendah diri dan minta dikasihani, memujuk dan merayu dengan segala cara. Sultan Shalahuddin tidak menjawabnya. Akhirnya ketua Kristian itu berkata: “Jika tuan tidak mahu berdamai dengan kami, kami akan balik dan membunuh semua tahanan (terdiri dari kaum Muslimin seramai 4000 orang) yang ada pada kami. Kami juga akan membunuh anak cucu kami dan perempuan-perempuan kami. Setelah itu kami akan binasakan rumah-rumah dan bangunan-bangunan yang indah-indah, semua harta dan perhiasan yang ada pada kami akan dibakar. Kami juga akan memusnahkan Kubah Shahra’, kami akan hancurkan semua yang ada sehingga tidak ada apa-apa yang boleh dimanfaatkan lagi. Selepas itu, kami akan keluar untuk berperang mati-matian, kerana sudah tidak ada apa-apa lagi yang kami harapkan selepas ini. Tidak seorang pun boleh membunuh kami sehingga sebilangan orang-orang tuan terbunuh terlebih dahulu. Nah, jika demikian keadaannya, kebaikan apalagi yang tuan boleh harapkan?” Setelah mendengar kata-kata nekat dan ugutan itu, Sultan Shalahuddin menjadi lembut dan kasihan dan bersedia untuk memberikan keamanan. Beliau meminta nasihat para ulama yang mendampinginya mengenai sumpah berat yang telah diucapkannya. Para ulama mengatakan bahawa beliau mesti menebus sumpahnya dengan membayar Kifarat sebagaimana yang telah disyariatkan. Maka berlangsunglah penyerahan kota secara aman dengan syarat setiap penduduk mesti membayar wang tebusan. Bagi lelaki wajib membayar sepuluh dinar, perempuan lima dinar dan kanak-kanak dua dinar sahaja. Barangsiapa yang tidak mampu membayar tebusan, akan menjadi tawanan kaum Muslimin dan berkedudukan sebagai hamba. Semua rumah, senjata dan alat-alat peperangan lainnya mesti ditinggalkan untuk kaum Muslimin. Mereka boleh pergi ke mana-mana tempat yang aman untuk mereka. Mereka diberi tempo selama empat puluh hari untuk memenuhi syarat-syaratnya, dan Barangsiapa yang tidak sanggup menunaikannya sehinnga lewat dari waktu itu, ia akan menjadi tawanan. Ternyata ada 16,000 orang Kristian yang tidak sanggup membayar wang tebusan. Semua mereka ditahan sebagai hamba. Maka pada hari Jumaat 27 Rajab 583 Hijrah, Sultan Shalahuddin bersama kaum Muslimin memasuki Baitul Maqdis. Mereka melaungkan “Allahu Akbar” dan bersyukur kehadirat Allah s.w.t. Air mata kegembiraan menitis di setiap pipi kaum Muslimin sebaik saja memasuki kota itu. Para ulama dan solehin datang mengucapkan tahniah kepada Sultan Shalahuddin di atas perjuangannya yang telah berhasil. Apalagi tarikh tersebut bersamaan dengan tarikh Isra’ Nabi S.A.W dari Masjidil Haram ke Masjidil Aqsa. Pada hari Jumaat tersebut, kaum Muslimin tidak sempat melaksankan solat Jumaat di Masjidil Aqsa kerana sempitnya waktu. Mereka terpaksa membersihkan Masjid Suci itu dari babi, kayu-kayu salib, gambar-gambar rahib dan patung-patung yang dipertuhan oleh kaum Kristian. Barulah pada Jumaat berikutnya mereka melaksanakan solat Jumaat di Masjidil Aqsa buat pertama kalinya dalam masa 92 tahun. Kadi Muhyiddin bin Muhammad bin Ali bin Zaki telah bertindak selaku khatib atas izin Sultan Shalahuddin. Kejatuhan Jerussalem ke tangan kaum Muslimin telah membuat Eropah marah. Mereka melancarkan kutipan yang disebut “Saladin tithe”, yakni derma wajib untuk melawan Shalahuddin yang hasilnya digunakan untuk membiayai perang Salib. Dengan angkatan perang yang besar, beberapa orang raja Eropah berangkat untuk merebut kota Suci itu semula. Maka terjadilah perang Salib ketiga yang sangat sengit. Namun demikian, Shalahuddin masih dapat mempertahankan Jerussalem sehingga perang tamat. Setahun selepas perang Salib ke tiga itu, Sultan Shalahuddin pulang kerahmatullah. Semoga Allah mencucuri rahmat ke atasnya, amin.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Peribadi Seorang Panglima Sultan Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi terbilang sebagai pahlawan dan Panglima Islam yang besar. Pada beliau terkumpul sifat-sifat berani, wara’, zuhud, khusyu’, pemurah, pemaaf, tegas dan lain-lain sifat terpuji. Para ulama dan penulis sejarah telah memberikan kepujian yang melangit. Sifat pemurah dan pemaafnya diakui oleh lawan mahupun kawan. Seorang penulis sejarah mengatakan: “Hari kematiannya merupakan kehilangan besar bagi agama Islam dan kaum Muslimin, kerana mereka tidak pernah menderita semenjak kehilangan keempat-empat Khalifah yang pertama (Khulafaurrasyidin). Istana, kerajaan dan dunia diliputi oleh wajah-wajah yang tertunduk, seluruh kota terbenam dalam dukacita, dan rakyat mengikuti keranda jenazahnya dengan tangisan dan ratapan.” Sultan Shalahuddin adalah seorang pahlawan yang menghabiskan waktunya dengan bekerja keras siang dan malam untuk Islam. Hidup nya sangat sederhana. Minumnya hanya air kosong, makanannya sederhana, pakaiannya dari jenis yang kasar. Beliau sentiasa menjaga waktu-waktu solat dan mengerjakannya secara berjamaah. Dikatakan bahawa beliau sepanjang hayatnya tidak pernah terlepas dari mengerjakan solat jamaah, bahkan ketika sakit yang membawa pada ajalnya, beliau masih tetap mengerjakan solat berjamaah. Sebaik saja imam masuk berdiri di tempatnya, beliau sudah siap di dalam saf. Beliau suka mendengarkan bacaan Al-Quran, Hadis dan ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam bidang Hadis, beliau memang mendengarkannya secara teratur, sehingga beliau boleh mengenal jenis-jenis hadis. Hatinya sangat lembut dan pemurah, sering menangis apabila mendengarkan hadis. Di dalam buku The Historians’ History of the World disebutkan sifat-sifat Shalahuddin sebagai berikut: “Keberanian dan keberhasilan Sultan Shalahuddin itu terjelma seluruhnya pada perkembangan keperibadian yang luar biasa. Sama seperti halnya dengan Emir Imamuddin Zanki dan Emir Nuruddin Zanki, beliau juga merupakan seorang Muslim yang taat. Sudah menjadi kebiasaan bagi Sultan Shalahuddin membacakan Kitab Suci Al-Quran kepada pasukannya menjelang pertempuran berlangsung. Beliau juga sangat disiplin mengqada setiap puasanya yang tertinggal dan tidak pernah lalai mengerjakan solat lima waktu sampai pada akhir hayatnya. Minumannya tidak lain dari air kosong saja, memakai pakaian yang terbuat dari bulu yang kasar, dan mengizinkan dirinya untuk dipanggil ke depan pengadilan. Beliau mengajar sendiri anak-anaknya mengenai agama Islam.......” Seluruh kaum Muslimin yang menyaksikan kewafatannya menitiskan air mata apabila Sultan yang mengepalai negara yang terbentang luas dari Asia hingga ke Afrika itu hanya meninggalkan warisan 1 dinar dan 36 dirham. Tidak meninggalkan emas, tidak punya tanah atau kebun. Padahal berkhidmat pada kerajaan berpuluh tahun dan memegang jawatan sebagai panglima perang dan Menteri Besar sebelum menubuhkan Emirat Ayyubiyah. Kain yang dibuat kafannya adalah betul-betul dari warisan beliau yang jelas-jelas halal dan sangat sederhana. Anak beliau yang bernama Fadhal telah masuk ke liang lahad meletakkan jenazah ayahnya. Dikatakan bahawa beliau dikebumikan bersama-sama pedangnya yang dipergunakan dalam setiap peperangan agar dapat menjadi saksi dan dijadikannya tongkat kelak pada hari kiamat. Rahimahullahu anh. Ketika buku ini ditulis, Baitul Maqdis sedang berada di dalam kekuasaan Zionis Yahudi dengan negaranya Israil yang dipaksakan. Jika sekiranya ada kepala negara yang bersifat seperti Sultan Shalahuddin di Timur Tengah sana, insya Allah Baitul Maqdis dapat direbut semula oleh kaum Muslimin.




pada tahun 532 Hijrah /1138 Masihi dan wafat pada tahun 589 H/1193 M di Damsyik. Beliau adalah pengasas Daulat Al-Ayyubiyah dan bergelar Sultan Shalahuddin. Seorang pahlawan Islam yang paling gagah berani dalam perang Salib dan berhasil merebut kembali Baitul Maqdis dari tangan kaum Salib Kristian. Hasutan Sang Paderi Jerussalem merupakan kota Suci bagi ketiga-tiga agama samawi yakni Islam, Yahudi dan Kristian. Di dalam kota inilah letaknya Masjid Al-Aqsa yang dibangun oleh Nabi Sulaiman dan menjadi Kiblat pertama umat Islam sebelum beralih ke Baitullah di Makkah. Ketika Nabi Muhammad Isra’, singgah dan solat di masjid ini sebelum Mi’raj ke langit. Nabi Isa as. juga dilahirkan di Baitullaham berdekatan kota Jerussalam ini. Di masa pemerintahan Khalifah Umar bin Khattab (13-23 H/634-644 M) Jerussalam dapat direbut oleh kaum Muslimin dalam suatu penyerahan kuasa secara damai. Khalifah Umar sendiri datang ke Jerussalem untuk menerima penyerahan kota Suci itu atas desakan dan persetujuan Uskup Agung Sophronius. Berabad abad lamanya kota itu berada di bawah pentadbiran Islam, tapi penduduknya bebas memeluk agama dan melaksanakan ajaran agamanya masing-masing tanpa ada gangguan. Orang-orang Kristian dari seluruh dunia juga bebas datang untuk mengerjakan haji di kota Suci itu dan mengerjakan upacara keagamaannya. Orang-orang Kristian dari Eropah datang mengerjakan haji dalam jumlah rombongan yang besar dengan membawa obor dan pedang seperti tentera. Sebahagian dari mereka mempermainkan pedang dengan dikelilingi pasukan gendang dan seruling dan diiringkan pula oleh pasukan bersenjata lengkap. Sebelum Jerussalem ditadbir Kerajaan Seljuk pada tahun 1070, upacara seperti itu dibiarkan saja oleh umat Islam, kerana dasar toleransi agama. Akan tetapi apabila Kerajaan Seljuk memerintah, upacara seperti itu tidak dibernarkan, dengan alasan keselamatan. Mungkin kerana upacara tersebut semakin berbahaya. Lebih-lebih lagi kumpulan-kumpulan yang mengambil bahagian dalam upacara itu sering menyebabkan pergaduhan dan huruhara. Disebutkan bahawa pada tahun 1064 ketua Uskup memimpin pasukan seramai 7000 orang jemaah haji yang terdiri dari kumpulan Baron-baron dan para pahlawan telah menyerang orang-orang Arab dan orang-orang Turki. Itulah yang membimbangkan Kerajaan Seljuk. Jadi larangan itu demi keselamatan Jemaah haji Kristian itu sendiri. Malangnya, tindakan Seljuk itu menjadi salah anggapan oleh orang-orang Eropah. Ketua-ketua agama mereka telah berkempin bahawa kebebasan agamanya telah dicabuli oleh orang-orang Islam dan menyeru agar Tanah Suci itu dibebaskan dari genggaman umat Islam. Patriach Ermite adalah paderi yang paling lantang dan bertungkus lumus mengapi-apikan kemarahan umat Kristian. Dia asalnya seorang tentera, tapi kemudian menjadi paderi, berwatak kepala angin dan cepat marah. Dalam usahanya untuk menarik simpati umat Kristian, Ermite telah berkeliling Eropah dengan mengenderai seekor kaldai sambil memikul kayu Salib besar, berkaki ayam dan berpakaian compang camping. Dia telah berpidato di hadapan orang ramai sama ada di dalam gereja, di jalan-jalan raya atau di pasar-pasar. Dia menceritakan sama ada benar atau bohong kisah kunjungannya ke Baitul Maqdis. Katanya, dia melihat pencerobohan kesucian ke atas kubur Nabi Isa oleh Kerajaan Turki Seljuk. Diceritakan bahawa jemaah haji Kristian telah dihina, dizalimi dan dinista oleh orang-orang Islam di Jerussalem. Serentak dengan itu, dia menggalakkan orang ramai agar bangkit menyertai perang untuk membebaskan Jerussalem dari tangan orang Islam. Hasutan Ermite berhasil dengan menggalakkan. Paus Urbanus II mengumumkan ampunan seluruh dosa bagi yang bersedia dengan suka rela mengikuti Perang Suci itu, sekalipun sebelumnya dia merupakan seorang perompak, pembunuh, pencuri dan sebagainya. Maka keluarlah ribuan umat Kristian untuk mengikuti perang dengan memikul senjata untuk menyertai perang Suci. Mereka yang ingin mengikuti perang ini diperintahkan agar meletakkan tanda Salib di badannya, oleh kerana itulah perang ini disebut Perang Salib. Paus Urbanus menetapkan tarikh 15 Ogos 1095 bagi pemberangkatan tentera Salib menuju Timur Tengah, tapi kalangan awam sudah tidak sabar menunggu lebih lama lagi setelah dijanjikan dengan berbagai kebebasan, kemewahan dan habuan. Mereka mendesak Paderi Patriach Ermite agar berangkat memimpin mereka. Maka Ermite pun berangkat dengan 60,000 orang pasukan, kemudian disusul oleh kaum tani dari Jerman seramai 20.000, datang lagi 200,000 orang menjadikan jumlah keseluruhannya 300,000 orang lelaki dan perempuan. Sepanjang perjalanan, mereka di izinkan merompak, memperkosa, berzina dan mabuk-mabuk. Setiap penduduk negeri yang dilaluinya, selalu mengalu-alukan dan memberikan bantuan seperlunya. Akan tetapi sesampainya di Hongaria dan Bulgaria, sambutan sangat dingin, menyebabkan pasukan Salib yang sudah kekurangan makanan ini marah dan merampas harta benda penduduk. Penduduk di dua negeri ini tidak tinggal diam. Walau pun mereka sama-sama beragama Kristian, mereka tidak senang dan bertindak balas. Terjadilah pertempuran sengit dan pembunuhan yang mengerikan. Dari 300,000 orang pasukan Salib itu hanya 7000 sahaja yang selamat sampai di Semenanjung Thracia di bawah pimpinan sang Rahib. Apabila pasukan Salib itu telah mendarat di pantai Asia kecil, pasukan kaum Muslimin yang di pimpin oleh Sultan Kalij Arselan telah menyambutnya dengan hayunan pedang. Maka terjadilah pertempuran sengit antara kaum Salib dengan pasukan Islam yang berakhir dengan hancur binasanya seluruh pasukan Salib itu.



winamp05- 02-21-2007

Kaum Salib Mengganas Setelah kaum Salib yang dipimpin oleh para Rahib yang tidak tahu strategi perang itu musnah sama sekali, muncullah pasukan Salib yang dipimpin oleh anak-anak Raja Godfrey dari Lorraine Perancis, Bohemund dari Normandy dan Raymond dari Toulouse. Mereka berkumpul di Konstantinopel dengan kekuatan 150,000 askar, kemudian menyeberang selat Bosfur dan melanggar wliayah Islam bagaikan air bah. Pasukan kaum Muslimin yang hanya berkekuatan 50,000 orang bertahan mati-matian di bawah pimpinan Sultan Kalij Arselan. Satu persatu kota dan Benteng kaum Muslimin jatuh ke tangan kaum Salib, memaksa Kalij Arselan berundur dari satu benteng ke benteng yang lain sambil menyusun kekuatan dan taktik baru. Bala bantuan kaum Salib datang mencurah-curah dari negara-negara Eropah. Sedangkan Kalij Arselan tidak dapat mengharapkan bantuan dari wilayah-wilayah Islam yang lain, kerana mereka sibuk dengan kemelut dalaman masing-masing. Setelah berlaku pertempuran sekian lama, akhirnya kaum Salib dapat mara dan mengepung Baitul Maqdis, tapi penduduk kota Suci itu tidak mahu menyerah kalah begitu saja. Mereka telah berjuang dengan jiwa raga mempertahankan kota Suci itu selama satu bulan.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Akhirnya pada 15 Julai 1099, Baitul Maqdis jatuh ke tangan pasukan Salib, tercapailah cita-cita mereka. Berlakulah keganasan luar biasa yang belum pernah terjadi dalam sejarah umat manusia. Kaum kafir Kristian itu telah menyembelih penduduk awam Islam lelaki, perempuan dan kanak-kanak dengan sangat ganasnya. Mereka juga membantai orang-orang Yahudi dan orang-orang Kristian yang enggan bergabung dengan kaum Salib. Keganasan kaum Salib Kristian yang sangat melampau itu telah dikutuk dan diperkatakan oleh para saksi dan penulis sejarah yang terdiri dari berbagai agama dan bangsa. Seorang ahli sejarah Perancis, Michaud berkata: “Pada saat penaklukan Jerussalem oleh orang Kristian tahun 1099, orang-orang Islam dibantai di jalan-jalan dan di rumah-rumah. Jerussalem tidak punya tempat lagi bagi orang-orang yang kalah itu. Beberapa orang cuba mengelak dari kematian dengan cara menghendap-hendap dari benteng, yang lain berkerumun di istana dan berbagai menara untuk mencari perlindungan terutama di masjid-masjid. Namun mereka tetap tidak dapat menyembunyikan diri dari pengejaran orang-orang Kristian itu. Tentera Salib yang menjadi tuan di Masjid Umar, di mana orang-orang Islam cuba mempertahankan diri selama beberapa lama menambahkan lagi adegan-adegan yang mengerikan yang menodai penaklukan Titus. Tentera infanteri dan kaveleri lari tunggang langgang di antara para buruan. Di tengah huru-hara yang mengerikan itu yang terdengar hanya rintihan dan jeritan kematian. Orang-orang yang menang itu memijak-mijak tumpukan mayat ketika mereka lari mengejar orang yang cuba menyelamatkan diri dengan sia-sia. Raymond d’Agiles, yang menyaksikan peristiwa itu dengan mata kepalanya sendiri mengatakan: “Di bawah serambi masjid yang melengkung itu, genangan darah dalamnya mencecah lutut dan mencapai tali kekang kuda.” Aksi pembantaian hanya berhenti beberapa saat saja, yakni ketika pasukan Salib itu berkumpul untuk menyatakan kesyukuran di atas kemenangan mereka. Tapi sebaik saja upacara itu selesai, pembantaian diteruskan dengan lebih ganas lagi. Seterusnya Michaud berkata: “Semua yang tertangkap yang disisakan dari pembantaian pertama, semua yang telah diselamatkan untuk mendapatkan upeti, dibantai dengan kejam. Orang-orang Islam itu dipaksa terjun dari puncak menara dan bumbung-bumbung rumah, mereka dibakar hidup -hidup , diheret dari tempat persembunyian bawah tanah, diheret ke hadapan umum dan dikurbankan di tiang gantungan. Air mata wanita, tangisan kanak-kanak, begitu juga pemandangan dari tempat Yesus Kristus memberikan ampun kepada para algojonya, sama sekali tidak dapat meredhakan nafsu membunuh orang-orang yang menang itu. Penyembelihan itu berlangsung selama seminggu. Beberapa orang yang berhasil melarikan diri, dimusnahkan atau dikurangkan bilangannya dengan perhambaan atau kerja paksa yang mengerikan.” Gustav Le Bon telah mensifatkan penyembelihan kaum Salib Kristian sebagaimana kata-katanya: “Kaum Salib kita yang “bertakwa” itu tidak memadai dengan melakukan berbagai bentuk kezaliman, kerosakan dan penganiayaan, mereka kemudian mengadakan suatu mesyuarat yang memutuskan supaya dibunuh saja semua penduduk Baitul Maqdis yang terdiri dari kaum Muslimin dan bangsa Yahudi serta orang-orang Kristian yang tidak memberikan pertolongan kepada mereka yang jumlah mencapai 60,000 orang. Orang-orang itu telah dibunuh semua dalam masa 8 hari saja termasuk perempuan, kanak-kanak dan orang tua, tidak seorang pun yang terkecuali. Ahli sejarah Kristian yang lain, Mill, mengatakan: “Ketika itu diputuskan bahawa rasa kasihan tidak boleh diperlihatkan terhadap kaum Muslimin. Orang-orang yang kalah itu diheret ke tempat-tempat umum dan dibunuh. Semua kaum wanita yang sedang menyusu, anak-anak gadis dan anak-anak lelaki dibantai dengan kejam. Tanah padang, jalan-jalan, bahkan tempat-tempat yang tidak berpenghuni di Jerusssalem ditaburi oleh mayat-mayat wanita dan lelaki, dan tubuh kanak-kanak yang koyak-koyak. Tidak ada hati yang lebur dalam keharuan atau yang tergerak untuk berbuat kebajikan melihat peristiwa mengerikan itu.”


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Kemunculan Panglima Shalahuddin Jatuhnya kota Suci Baitul Maqdis ke tangan kaum Salib telah mengejutkan para pemimpin Islam. Mereka tidak menyangka kota Suci yang telah dikuasainya selama lebih 500 tahun itu boleh terlepas dalam sekelip mata. Mereka sedar akan kesilapan mereka kerana berpecah belah. Para ulama telah berbincang dengan para Sultan, Emir dan Khalifah agar mengambil berat dalam perkara ini. Usaha mereka berhasil. Setiap penguasa negara Islam itu bersedia bergabung tenaga untuk merampas balik kota Suci tersebut. Di antara pemimpin yang paling gigih dalam usaha menghalau tentera Salib itu ialah Imamuddin Zanki dan diteruskan oleh anaknya Emir Nuruddin Zanki dengan dibantu oleh panglima Asasuddin Syirkuh. Setelah hampir empat puluh tahun kaum Salib menduduki Baitul Maqdis, Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi baru lahir ke dunia, yakni pada tahun 1138 Masihi. Keluarga Shalahuddin taat beragama dan berjiwa pahlawan. Ayahnya, Najmuddin Ayyub adalah seorang yang termasyhur dan beliau pulalah yang memberikan pendidikan awal kepada Shalahuddin. Selain itu, Shalahuddin juga mendapat pendidikan dari bapa saudaranya Asasuddin Syirkuh seorang negarawan dan panglima perang Syria yang telah berhasil mengalahkan tentera Salib sama ada di Syria ataupun di Mesir. Dalam setiap peperangan yang dipimpin oleh panglima Asasuddin, Shalahuddin sentiasa ikut sebagai tentera pejuang sekalipun usianya masih muda. Pada tahun 549 H/1154 M, panglima Asasuddin Syirkuh memimpin tenteranya merebut dan menguasai Damsyik. Shalahuddin yang ketika itu baru berusia 16 tahun turut serta sebagai pejuang. Pada tahun 558 H/1163 Masihi, panglima Asasuddin membawa Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi yang ketika itu berusia 25 tahun untuk menundukkan Daulat Fatimiyah di Mesir yang diperintah oleh Aliran Syiah Ismailiyah yang semakin lemah.Usahanya berhasil. Khalifah Daulat Fatimiyah terakhir Adhid Lidinillah dipaksa oleh Asasuddin Syirkuh untuk menandatangani perjanjian. Akan tetapi, Wazir besar Shawar merasa cemburu melihat Syirkuh semakin popular di kalangan istana dan rakyat. Dengan senyap-senyap dia pergi ke Baitul Maqdis dan meminta bantuan dari pasukan Salib untuk menghalau Syirkuh daripada berkuasa di Mesir. Pasukan Salib yang dipimpin oleh King Almeric dari Jerussalem menerima baik jemputan itu. Maka terjadilah pertempuran antara pasukan Asasuddin dengan King Almeric yang berakhir dengan kekalahan Asasuddin. Setelah menerima syarat-syarat damai dari kaum Salib, panglima Asasuddin dan Shalahuddin dibenarkan balik ke Damsyik. Kerjasama Wazir besar Shawar dengan orang kafir itu telah menimbulkan kemarahan Emir Nuruddin Zanki dan para pemimpin Islam lainnya termasuk Baghdad. Lalu dipersiapkannya tentera yang besar yang tetap dipimpin oleh panglima Syirkuh dan Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi untuk menghukum si pengkhianat Shawar. King Almeric terburu-buru menyiapkan pasukannya untuk melindungi Wazir Shawar setelah mendengar kemaraan pasukan Islam. Akan tetapi Panglima Syirkuh kali ini bertindak lebih pantas dan berhasil membinasakan pasukan King Almeric dan menghalaunya dari bumi Mesir dengan aib sekali. Panglima Shirkuh dan Shalahuddin terus mara ke ibu kota Kaherah dan mendapat tentangan dari pasukan Wazir Shawar. Akan tetapi pasukan Shawar hanya dapat bertahan sebentar saja, dia sendiri melarikan diri dan bersembunyi. Khalifah Al-Adhid Lidinillah terpaksa menerima dan menyambut kedatangan panglima Syirkuh buat kali kedua. Suatu hari panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi berziarah ke kuburan seorang wali Allah di Mesir, ternyata Wazir Besar Shawar dijumpai bersembunyi di situ. Shalahuddin segera menangkap Shawar, dibawa ke istana dan kemudian dihukum bunuh. Khalifah Al-Adhid melantik panglima Asasuddin Syirkuh menjadi Wazir Besar menggantikan Shawar. Wazir Baru itu segera melakukan perbaikan dan pembersihan pada setiap institusi kerajaan secara berperingkat. Sementara anak saudaranya, panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi diperintahkan membawa pasukannya mengadakan pembersihan di kota-kota sepanjang sungai Nil sehingga Assuan di sebelah utara dan bandar-bandar lain termasuk bandar perdagangan Iskandariah.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Menutup Daulat Fatimiyah Wazir Besar Syirkuh tidak lama memegang jawatannya, kerana beliau wafat pada tahun 565 H/1169 M. Khalifah Al-Adhid melantik panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi menjadi Wazir Besar menggantikan Syirkuh dengan mendapat persetujuan pembesar-pembesar Kurdi dan Turki. Walaupun berkhidmat di bawah Khalifah Daulat Fatimiah, Shalahuddin tetap menganggap Emir Nuruddin Zanki sebagai ketuanya. Nuruddin Zanki berulang kali mendesak Shahalahuddin agar menangkap Khalifah Al-Adhid dan mengakhiri kekuasaan Daulat Fatimiah untuk seterusnya diserahkan semula kepada Daulat Abbasiah di Baghdad. Akan tetapi Shalahuddin tidak mahu bertindak terburu-buru, beliau memperhatikan keadaan sekelilingnya sehingga musuh-musuh dalam selimut betul-betul lumpuh. Barulah pada tahun 567 H/1171 Masihi, Shalahuddin mengumumkan penutupan Daulat Fatimiah dan kekuasaan diserahkan semula kepada Daulat Abbasiah. Maka doa untuk Khalifah Al-Adhid pada khutbah Jumaat hari itu telah ditukar kepada doa untuk Khalifah Al-Mustadhi dari Daulat Abbasiah. Ketika pengumuman peralihan kuasa itu dibuat, Khalifah Al-Adhid sedang sakit kuat, sehingga beliau tidak mengetahui perubahan besar yang berlaku di dalam negerinya dan tidak mendengar bahawa Khatib Jumaat sudah tidak mendoakan dirinya lagi. Sehari selepas pengumuman itu, Khalifah Al-Adhid wafat dan dikebumikan sebagaimana kedudukan sebelumnya, yakni sebagai Khalifah. Dengan demikian berakhirlah kekuasaan Daulat Fatimyah yang dikuasai oleh kaum Syi’ah selama 270 tahun. Keadaan ini sememangnya telah lama ditunggu-tunggu oleh golongan Ahlussunnah di seluruh negara Islam lebih-lebih lagi di Mesir sendiri. Apalagi setelah Wazir Besar Shawar berkomplot dengan kaum Salib musuh Islam. Pengembalian kekuasaan kepada golongan Sunni itu telah disambut meriah di seluruh wilayah-wilayah Islam, lebih-lebih di Baghdad dan Syiria atas restu Khalifah Al-Mustadhi dan Emir Nuruddin Zanki. Mereka sangat berterima kasih kepada Panglima Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi yang dengan kebijaksanaan dan kepintarannya telah menukar suasana itu secara aman dan damai. Serentak dengan itu pula, Wazir Besar Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi telah merasmikan Universiti Al-Azhar yang selama ini dikenal sebagai pusat pengajian Syiah kepada pusat pengajian Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah. Semoga Allah membalas jasa-jasa Shalahuddin.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Menyatupadukan Kuasa-Kuasa Islam Walaupun sangat pintar dan bijak mengatur strategi dan berani di medan tempur, Shalahuddin berhati lembut, tidak mahu menipu atasan demi kekuasaan dunia. Beliau tetap setia pada atasannya, tidak mahu merampas kuasa untuk kepentingan peribadi. Kerana apa yang dikerjakannya selama ini hanyalah mencari peluang untuk menghalau tentera Salib dari bumi Jerussalem. Untuk tujuan ini, beliau berusaha menyatu padukan wilayah-wilyah Islam terlebih dahulu, kemudian menghapuskan para pengkhianat agama dan negara agar peristiwa Wazir Besar Shawar tidak berulang lagi. Di Mesir, beliau telah berkuasa penuh, tapi masih tetap taat setia pada kepimpinan Nuruddin Zanki dan Khalifah di Baghdad. Tahun 1173 M, Emir Nuruddin Zanki wafat dan digantikan oleh puteranya Ismail yang ketika itu baru berusia 11 tahun dan bergelar Mulk al Shalih. Para ulama dan pembesar menginginkan agar Emir Salahudin mengambil alih kuasa kerana tidak suka kepada Mulk al-Shalih keran selalu cuai melaksanakan tanggungjawabnya dan suka bersenang-senang. Akan tetapi Shalahuddin tetap taat setia dan mendoakan Mulk al Saleh dalam setiap khutbah Jumaat, bahkan mengabadikannya pada mata wang syiling. Apabila Damsyik terdedah pada serangan kaum Salib, barulah Shalahudin menggerakkan pasukannya ke Syiria untuk mempertahankan kota itu daripada jatuh. Tidak lama kemudian Ismail wafat, maka Shalahuddin menyatukan Syria dengan Mesir dan menubuhkan Emirat Al-Ayyubiyah dengan beliau sendiri sebagai Emirnya yang pertama. Tiada berapa lama kemudian, Sultan Shalahuddin dapat menggabungkan negeri-negeri An-Nubah, Sudan, Yaman dan Hijaz ke dalam kekuasaannya yang besar. Negara di Afirka yang telah diduduki oleh askar Salib dari Normandy, juga telah dapat direbutnya dalam masa yang singkat. Dengan ini kekuasaan Shalahuddin telah cukup besar dan kekuatan tenteranya cukup ramai untuk mengusir tentera kafir Kristian yang menduduki Baitul Maqdis selama berpuluh tahun. Sifatnya yang lemah lembut, zuhud, wara’ dan sederhana membuat kaum Muslimin di bawah kekuasaannya sangat mencintainya. Demikian juga para ulama sentiasa mendoakannya agar cita-cita sucinya untuk merampas semula Tanah Suci berhasil dengan segera.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Perjuangan Merebut Baitul Maqdis Setelah merasa kuat, Sultan Shalahuddin menumpukan perhatiannya untuk memusnahkan tentera Salib yang menduduki Baitul Maqdis dan merebut kota Suci itu semula. Banyak rintangan dan problem yang dialami oleh Sultan sebelum maksudnya tercapai. Siasah yang mula-mula dijalankannya adalah mengajak tentera Salib untuk berdamai. Pada lahirnya, kaum Salib memandang bahawa Shalahuddin telah menyerah kalah, lalu mereka menerima perdamaian ini dengan sombong. Sultan sudah menjangka bahawa orang-orang kafir Kristian itu akan mengkhianati perjanjian, maka ini akan menjadi alasan bagi beliau untuk melancarkan serangan. Untuk ini, beliau telah membuat persiapan secukupnya. Ternyata memang betul, baru sebentar perjanjian ditandatangani, kaum Salib telah mengadakan pelanggaran. Maka Sultan Shalahuddin, segera bergerak melancarkan serangan, tapi kali ini masih gagal dan beliau sendiri hampir kena tawan. Beliau kembali ke markasnya dan menyusun kekuatan yang lebih besar. Suatu kejadian yang mengejutkan Sultan dalam suasana perdamaian adalah tindakan seorang panglima Salib Count Rainald de Chatillon yang bergerak dengan pasukannya untuk menyerang kota Suci Makkah dan Madinah. Akan tetapi pasukan ini hancur binasa digempur mujahid Islam di laut Merah dan Count Rainald dan sisa pasukannya balik ke Jerussalem. Dalam perjalanan, mereka telah berjumpa dengan satu iring-iringan kafilah kaum Muslimin yang didalamnya terdapat seorang saudara perempuan Sultan Shalahuddin. Tanpa berfikir panjang, Count dan kuncu-kuncunya menyerang kafilah tersebut dan menawan mereka termasuk saudara perempuan kepada Shalahuddin. Dengan angkuh Count berkata: “Apakah Muhammad, Nabi mereka itu mampu datang untuk menyelamatkan mereka?” Seorang anggota kafilah yang dapat meloloskan diri terus lari dan melapor kepada Sultan apa yang telah terjadi. Sultan sangat marah terhadap pencabulan gencatan senjata itu dan mengirim perutusan ke Jerussalem agar semua tawanan dibebaskan. Tapi mereka tidak memberikan jawapan. Ekoran kejadian ini, Sultan keluar membawa pasukannya untuk menghukum kaum Salib yang sering mengkhianati janji itu. Terjadilah pertempuran yang sangat besar di gunung Hittin sehingga dikenal dengan Perang Hittin. Dalam pertempuran ini, Shalahuddin menang besar. Pasukan musuh yang berjumlah 45,000 orang hancur binasa dan hanya tinggal beberapa ribu saja yang sebagian besarnya menjadi tawanan termasuk Count Rainald de Chatillon sendiri. Semuanya diangkut ke Damaskus. Count Rainald yang telah menawan saudara perempuan Sultan dan mempersendakan Nabi Muhammad itu digiring ke hadapan beliau. “Nah, bagaimana jadinya yang telah nampak oleh engkau sekarang? Apakah saya tidak cukup menjadi pengganti Nabi Besar Muhammad untuk melakukan pembalasan terhadap berbagai penghinaan engkau itu?” tanya Sultan Shalahuddin. Shalahuddin mengajak Count agar masuk Islam, tapi dia tidak mahu. Maka dia pun dihukum bunuh kerana telah menghina Nabi Muhammad.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Kembali Ke Pangkuan Kaum Muslimin Setelah melalui berbagai peperangan dan menaklukkan berbagai benteng dan kota, sampailah Sultan Shalahuddin pada matlamat utamanya iaitu merebut Baitul Maqdis. Kini beliau mengepung Jerussalem selama empat puluh hari membuat penduduk di dalam kota itu tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa dan kekurangan keperluan asas. Waktu itu Jerussalem dipenuhi dengan kaum pelarian dan orang-orang yang selamat dalam perang Hittin. Tentera pertahanannya sendiri tidak kurang dari 60,000 orang. Pada mulanya Sultan menyerukan seruan agar kota Suci itu diserahkan secara damai. Beliau tidak ingin bertindak seperti yang dilakukan oleh Godfrey dan orang-orangnya pada tahun 1099 untuk membalas dendam. Akan tetapi pihak Kristian telah menolak tawaran baik dari Sultan, bahkan mereka mengangkat Komandan Perang untuk mempertahankan kota itu. Kerana mereka menolak seruan, Sultan Shalahuddin pun bersumpah akan membunuh semua orang Kristian di dalam kota itu sebagai membalas dendam ke atas peristiwa 90 tahun yang lalu. Mulailah pasukan kaum Muslimin melancarkan serangan ke atas kota itu dengan anak panah dan manjanik. Kaum Salib membalas serangan itu dari dalam benteng. Setelah berlangsung serangan selama empat belas hari, kaum Salib melihat bahawa pintu benteng hampir musnah oleh serangan kaum Muslimin. Para pemimpin kaum Salib mulai merasa takut melihat kegigihan dan kekuatan pasukan Muslim yang hanya tinggal menunggu masa untuk melanggar masuk. Beberapa pemimpin Kristian telah keluar menemui Sultan Shalahuddin menyatakan hasratnya untuk menyerahkan kota Suci secara aman dan minta agar nyawa mereka diselamatkan. Akan tetapi Sultan menolak sambil berkata: “Aku tidak akan menaklukkan kota ini keculai dengan kekerasan sebagaimana kamu dahulu menaklukinya dengan kekerasan. Aku tidak akan membiarkan seorang Kristian pun melainkan akan kubunuh sebagaimana engkau membunuh semua kaum Muslimin di dalam kota ini dahulu.” Setelah usaha diplomatik mereka tidak berhasil, Datuk Bandar Jerussalem sendiri datang menghadap Sultan dengan merendah diri dan minta dikasihani, memujuk dan merayu dengan segala cara. Sultan Shalahuddin tidak menjawabnya. Akhirnya ketua Kristian itu berkata: “Jika tuan tidak mahu berdamai dengan kami, kami akan balik dan membunuh semua tahanan (terdiri dari kaum Muslimin seramai 4000 orang) yang ada pada kami. Kami juga akan membunuh anak cucu kami dan perempuan-perempuan kami. Setelah itu kami akan binasakan rumah-rumah dan bangunan-bangunan yang indah-indah, semua harta dan perhiasan yang ada pada kami akan dibakar. Kami juga akan memusnahkan Kubah Shahra’, kami akan hancurkan semua yang ada sehingga tidak ada apa-apa yang boleh dimanfaatkan lagi. Selepas itu, kami akan keluar untuk berperang mati-matian, kerana sudah tidak ada apa-apa lagi yang kami harapkan selepas ini. Tidak seorang pun boleh membunuh kami sehingga sebilangan orang-orang tuan terbunuh terlebih dahulu. Nah, jika demikian keadaannya, kebaikan apalagi yang tuan boleh harapkan?” Setelah mendengar kata-kata nekat dan ugutan itu, Sultan Shalahuddin menjadi lembut dan kasihan dan bersedia untuk memberikan keamanan. Beliau meminta nasihat para ulama yang mendampinginya mengenai sumpah berat yang telah diucapkannya. Para ulama mengatakan bahawa beliau mesti menebus sumpahnya dengan membayar Kifarat sebagaimana yang telah disyariatkan. Maka berlangsunglah penyerahan kota secara aman dengan syarat setiap penduduk mesti membayar wang tebusan. Bagi lelaki wajib membayar sepuluh dinar, perempuan lima dinar dan kanak-kanak dua dinar sahaja. Barangsiapa yang tidak mampu membayar tebusan, akan menjadi tawanan kaum Muslimin dan berkedudukan sebagai hamba. Semua rumah, senjata dan alat-alat peperangan lainnya mesti ditinggalkan untuk kaum Muslimin. Mereka boleh pergi ke mana-mana tempat yang aman untuk mereka. Mereka diberi tempo selama empat puluh hari untuk memenuhi syarat-syaratnya, dan Barangsiapa yang tidak sanggup menunaikannya sehinnga lewat dari waktu itu, ia akan menjadi tawanan. Ternyata ada 16,000 orang Kristian yang tidak sanggup membayar wang tebusan. Semua mereka ditahan sebagai hamba. Maka pada hari Jumaat 27 Rajab 583 Hijrah, Sultan Shalahuddin bersama kaum Muslimin memasuki Baitul Maqdis. Mereka melaungkan “Allahu Akbar” dan bersyukur kehadirat Allah s.w.t. Air mata kegembiraan menitis di setiap pipi kaum Muslimin sebaik saja memasuki kota itu. Para ulama dan solehin datang mengucapkan tahniah kepada Sultan Shalahuddin di atas perjuangannya yang telah berhasil. Apalagi tarikh tersebut bersamaan dengan tarikh Isra’ Nabi S.A.W dari Masjidil Haram ke Masjidil Aqsa. Pada hari Jumaat tersebut, kaum Muslimin tidak sempat melaksankan solat Jumaat di Masjidil Aqsa kerana sempitnya waktu. Mereka terpaksa membersihkan Masjid Suci itu dari babi, kayu-kayu salib, gambar-gambar rahib dan patung-patung yang dipertuhan oleh kaum Kristian. Barulah pada Jumaat berikutnya mereka melaksanakan solat Jumaat di Masjidil Aqsa buat pertama kalinya dalam masa 92 tahun. Kadi Muhyiddin bin Muhammad bin Ali bin Zaki telah bertindak selaku khatib atas izin Sultan Shalahuddin. Kejatuhan Jerussalem ke tangan kaum Muslimin telah membuat Eropah marah. Mereka melancarkan kutipan yang disebut “Saladin tithe”, yakni derma wajib untuk melawan Shalahuddin yang hasilnya digunakan untuk membiayai perang Salib. Dengan angkatan perang yang besar, beberapa orang raja Eropah berangkat untuk merebut kota Suci itu semula. Maka terjadilah perang Salib ketiga yang sangat sengit. Namun demikian, Shalahuddin masih dapat mempertahankan Jerussalem sehingga perang tamat. Setahun selepas perang Salib ke tiga itu, Sultan Shalahuddin pulang kerahmatullah. Semoga Allah mencucuri rahmat ke atasnya, amin.


winamp05- 02-21-2007

Peribadi Seorang Panglima Sultan Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi terbilang sebagai pahlawan dan Panglima Islam yang besar. Pada beliau terkumpul sifat-sifat berani, wara’, zuhud, khusyu’, pemurah, pemaaf, tegas dan lain-lain sifat terpuji. Para ulama dan penulis sejarah telah memberikan kepujian yang melangit. Sifat pemurah dan pemaafnya diakui oleh lawan mahupun kawan. Seorang penulis sejarah mengatakan: “Hari kematiannya merupakan kehilangan besar bagi agama Islam dan kaum Muslimin, kerana mereka tidak pernah menderita semenjak kehilangan keempat-empat Khalifah yang pertama (Khulafaurrasyidin). Istana, kerajaan dan dunia diliputi oleh wajah-wajah yang tertunduk, seluruh kota terbenam dalam dukacita, dan rakyat mengikuti keranda jenazahnya dengan tangisan dan ratapan.” Sultan Shalahuddin adalah seorang pahlawan yang menghabiskan waktunya dengan bekerja keras siang dan malam untuk Islam. Hidup nya sangat sederhana. Minumnya hanya air kosong, makanannya sederhana, pakaiannya dari jenis yang kasar. Beliau sentiasa menjaga waktu-waktu solat dan mengerjakannya secara berjamaah. Dikatakan bahawa beliau sepanjang hayatnya tidak pernah terlepas dari mengerjakan solat jamaah, bahkan ketika sakit yang membawa pada ajalnya, beliau masih tetap mengerjakan solat berjamaah. Sebaik saja imam masuk berdiri di tempatnya, beliau sudah siap di dalam saf. Beliau suka mendengarkan bacaan Al-Quran, Hadis dan ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam bidang Hadis, beliau memang mendengarkannya secara teratur, sehingga beliau boleh mengenal jenis-jenis hadis. Hatinya sangat lembut dan pemurah, sering menangis apabila mendengarkan hadis. Di dalam buku The Historians’ History of the World disebutkan sifat-sifat Shalahuddin sebagai berikut: “Keberanian dan keberhasilan Sultan Shalahuddin itu terjelma seluruhnya pada perkembangan keperibadian yang luar biasa. Sama seperti halnya dengan Emir Imamuddin Zanki dan Emir Nuruddin Zanki, beliau juga merupakan seorang Muslim yang taat. Sudah menjadi kebiasaan bagi Sultan Shalahuddin membacakan Kitab Suci Al-Quran kepada pasukannya menjelang pertempuran berlangsung. Beliau juga sangat disiplin mengqada setiap puasanya yang tertinggal dan tidak pernah lalai mengerjakan solat lima waktu sampai pada akhir hayatnya. Minumannya tidak lain dari air kosong saja, memakai pakaian yang terbuat dari bulu yang kasar, dan mengizinkan dirinya untuk dipanggil ke depan pengadilan. Beliau mengajar sendiri anak-anaknya mengenai agama Islam.......” Seluruh kaum Muslimin yang menyaksikan kewafatannya menitiskan air mata apabila Sultan yang mengepalai negara yang terbentang luas dari Asia hingga ke Afrika itu hanya meninggalkan warisan 1 dinar dan 36 dirham. Tidak meninggalkan emas, tidak punya tanah atau kebun. Padahal berkhidmat pada kerajaan berpuluh tahun dan memegang jawatan sebagai panglima perang dan Menteri Besar sebelum menubuhkan Emirat Ayyubiyah. Kain yang dibuat kafannya adalah betul-betul dari warisan beliau yang jelas-jelas halal dan sangat sederhana. Anak beliau yang bernama Fadhal telah masuk ke liang lahad meletakkan jenazah ayahnya. Dikatakan bahawa beliau dikebumikan bersama-sama pedangnya yang dipergunakan dalam setiap peperangan agar dapat menjadi saksi dan dijadikannya tongkat kelak pada hari kiamat. Rahimahullahu anh. Ketika buku ini ditulis, Baitul Maqdis sedang berada di dalam kekuasaan Zionis Yahudi dengan negaranya Israil yang dipaksakan. Jika sekiranya ada kepala negara yang bersifat seperti Sultan Shalahuddin di Timur Tengah sana, insya Allah Baitul Maqdis dapat direbut semula oleh kaum Muslimin.